The Principles Of Reliability And Validity Essay - 928 Words

Introduction If you are looking for scientific proof, then validity and reliability are what you need. In the work by Xie, Huang (2014) they describe the following: The principles of reliability and validity are fundamental cornerstones of the scientific method. Reliability is defined as the extent to which a measure is repeated under ideal conditions. Validity refers to the degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure. Establishing good quality studies need both high reliability and high validity. (p.326). Both of these concepts are worthy of exploration, and understanding them is crucial for evaluating, designing, and performing scientific studies. Reliability Reliability is about consistency. For data to have reliability, it will need stability, internal reliability, and inter-observer reliability. Stability. If a measure does not fluctuate over time, it is considered to have stability. Data collected at one period of time and then collected again at a different period in time will not have a great deal of variability. Stability can be tested by administering a test at one point in time and then re-administering the same test under the same conditions. Internal Reliability Internal reliability. This refers to the scale that is used to measure data. If the scale is consistent, then it is said to have internal reliability. We need to be sure that whatever variation we are measuring is actually produced by the variables, not by theShow MoreRelatedExploring Reliability and Validity765 Words   |  4 PagesExploring Reliability and Validity Lynetric Rivers Liberty University Abstract This paper will focus on the types of reliability and validity used in the Values and Motives Questionnaire. Also this writer will be investigating areas of concerns and strengths as it relates to the Values and Motives Questionnaire, well as formulating an opinion of the test (VMQ) with the material presented. This writer will further conveying information concerning the sample size, nature of population thatRead MoreSelection Interaction Of Selection And Selection920 Words   |  4 PagesSelection Interaction The last threat to internal validity is ‘selection interaction’. It is the interaction of the other threats with the selection threat. The most common of these threats is the interaction of selection threat with maturation. This combination of selection-maturation threat is concerned with different rates of growth between the two groups between the pre and post test (Slack and Draugalis, 2001). External Validity External validity can be defined as the ability of a research designRead MoreThe Ethics And Public Policies1233 Words   |  5 PagesWhen studying personality psychology, a researcher uses theories, methods, and relies heavily on ethics, reliability, and validity. Using the â€Å"LOTS of data† acronym, personality researchers gather information to study people. These include, L-data (life record data), O-data (observation data), T-data (Test data) and S-data (self-report data). (Cervone Pervin, 2013) Each method has strengths and weaknesses. As well as â€Å"LOTS†, researchers must form a theory to â€Å"decide what to measure and how to measureRead MoreExploring Reliability and Validity1068 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Exploring Reliability and Validity- Values and Motives Questionnaire Exploring Reliability and Validity- Values and Motives Questionnaire The Values and Motives Questionnaire, also known as the Values and Motives Inventory, is designed to examine a person’s motivation in relation to his values and activities. In order to ensure a comprehensive understanding of values, the VMQ assess three distinct areas, including: interpersonal, intrinsic, and extrinsic. Interpersonal values, accordingRead MoreReliability and Validity Paper1289 Words   |  6 PagesReliability and Validity Paper University of Phoenix BSHS 352 The profession of human service uses an enormous quantify of information to conduct test in the process of service delivery. The data assembled goes to a panel of assessment when deciding the option that will best fit the interest of the population, or the experiment idea in question. The content of this paper will define, and describe the different types of reliability, and validity. In addition display examples of data collectionRead MoreEssay on validity reliability1475 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY For the statistical consultant working with social science researchers the estimation of reliability and validity is a task frequently encountered. Measurement issues differ in the social sciences in that they are related to the quantification of abstract, intangible and unobservable constructs. In many instances, then, the meaning of quantities is only inferred. Let us begin by a general description of the paradigm that we are dealing with. Most concepts in the behavioralRead MoreAn Empirical Study Of Local Maori Residents Perceptions Of Film Tourism On New Zealand1541 Words   |  7 Pagesepistemologies of positivism and realism (Jennings, 2001). As part of the quantitative methodology, the research will make sure to measure the validity and reliability of the findings provided by the data (Angen, 2000). In terms of measuring error, reliability and validity, measurement of validity will look for systematic errors in the results, whereas reliability will look for random errors in the results (Adcock Collier, 2001). The key method of data collection for this research will be a survey/questionnaireRead MoreHow Does Opinionated Responses Affect Job Performance827 Words   |  4 Pagescauses reference checkers to always be obtaining specific behavioral example with a general consensus from other references. Future employee success was found, â€Å"a meta-analysis’s low validity is largely due to four main problems with references and letters of recommendation: leniency, knowledge of the applicant, low reliability, and extraneous factors involved in writing and reading such letters† (Aamodt, 2016, p. 161). A letter of recommendation has a great chance of developing into one predictor ofRead MoreIssues in Psychological Testing Worksheet831 Words   |  4 Pagespsychological testing, which constitute ethical principles for the profession. The second source of ethical principles associated to testing is the American Psychological Association’s (APA, 2002) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (Hogan, 2007). Competence is a very important ethical principle of psychological testing. Psychologist should establish competence in assessment concepts and methodology. The concepts include reliability, validity, norms, and test construction. TechnicalRead MoreSystematic Procedure To Collect Essential Data And These1345 Words   |  6 PagesStandardization refers to proper item selection, high reliability and validity of the instrument to be used in collection of data. And second one is construction of a tool by researcher for present study, constructing of tool for the study needs lot of care and caution . Construction of tool is a time taking and expansive affair number of steps to be followed such as piloting of the pool of questions, difficulty value, difficulty index, validity and reliability has to observed, tested by researcher. Consultation

Faulks´ Birdsong Analysis - 839 Words

Within ‘Birdsong’ Faulks uses the character of Stephen as his voice, through which he propounds his horror and perplexity at what is unfolding during the War. Faulks also introduces the idea of a new reality which is experienced by the men in the trenches. Faulks chooses to explore curiosity as a coping mechanism within ‘Birdsong’ through the character of Stephen. Only curiosity is keeping Stephen alive as he states that he would ‘walk into enemy lines and let (himself) be killed’ if he didn’t possess that curiosity. Stephen tells Weir what he is ‘curious to see what’s going to happen’ suggesting that he wants to see how the War will end. Faulks presents Stephen as a character who has a detached curiosity concerning the War; in the same way that he is detached when discussing men’s dead bodies. Faulks’ decision to do this allows us to understand that many men did not like being in the War; they often did not carry on because they felt it was their duty to King and Country. Rather, they (like the character of Stephen) wanted to know ‘what it means’ and why they had to endure what they did. Stephen’s claim that he is ‘deeply curious to see how mu ch further it can be taken’ quashes false notations of pride in fighting, rather it expresses the horror at what they are being forced to do. Faulks, through Stephen, considers how the War could progress. The war section of ‘Birdsong’ is set half way through the War, meaning that it is still to get worse. Stephen speculates the menShow MoreRelated Love Presented in Poems by Wilfred Owen Essay2489 Words   |  10 PagesPresented in Poems by Wilfred Owen Explore how the theme of love is presented in Birdsong and a selection of poems by Wilfred Owen. Loving attitudes, though perhaps not as prominent as themes such as violence and pride, are intimately observed and explored in Sebastian Faulks Birdsong and in many of Wilfred Owens War poems. Each aspect of love, as seen through the eyes of this First World War soldier and Faulks characters, is as interesting as it is diverse, allowing an impervious insight

Tv News vs. Internet News Free Essays

It is hard to believe that just a few years ago, watching TV or reading newspapers were the only ways of gathering news. Nowadays as thanks to the Internet there is one more option, the question whether it is best to rely on television news, or to follow online news emerged. When set beside, those two ways of gathering news seem to be enormously different. We will write a custom essay sample on Tv News vs. Internet News or any similar topic only for you Order Now The biggest difference between online news and television news is the access to information. While watching news on TV, we are dependent on broadcast schedule of any TV station. By contrast, there is no schedule involved in following online news. The access to information is constant and it is the user’s choice when to follow the news. Secondly, compared to television news, the amount of online information seems to be much more greater. While on TV only the most important pieces of everyday news are broadcast, the Internet offers basically unlimited amount of information concerning every branch of science and all fields of life. Nevertheless, the quality of television news still remains much more higher, as online articles are often anonymous or unverified. Last but not least, unlike television news, following online news gives the reader the possibility of commenting on any given article. While watching television news, the receiver only gathers the news, whereas the online news follower may participate in live â€Å"debate† and express his view on every piece of news presented. To sum up, there are many differences between television news and online news, such as the access to information, the quality of news, or the receiver’s participation. While online news seems to be more available and gives the receiver the chance to comment, the television news still remains more reliable. It is up to the receiver to choose what is more important to him. How to cite Tv News vs. Internet News, Papers

Principles of Lender Liability Management

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Lender Liability Management. Answer: Introduction: Auditing is a process that involves the examination of various accounts of an organization. There are different kinds of accounts in an organization. It is very natural that there can be mistakes in some of toes accounts that can be occurred at the time of formulating those accounts (Louwers et al. 2013). It is the responsibility of the auditors to detect the material misstatements in the accounts of the company so that the annual report of the organization is true and fair. The given case study states that Impulse Private Limited, widely known as Impulse, is an entertainment system manufacturer that was established in the year of 2005. From the very first day of the company, King and Queen have been performing the audit operations of the company. It can be said that there is a good relation between Impulse and King and Queen. As per the given case study, King and Queen have examined the business accounts of Impulse and they have given the unqualified audit report to the company. The auditors issue the unqualified audit report when they find that there is not any kind of material misstatement in the financial accounts of the organization; and the company has been formulated by complying all the rules and regulations of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) (Czerney, Schmidt and Thompson 2014). On the contrary, the qualified audit report of the auditors states that there the accounts of a business organization are nor free from material misstatement and there is a presence of fraud or manipulation in those accounts (Ittonen 2012). However, it is mentioned in the case study that Impulse was not in a good condition at that time as the company was facing massive liquidity problems. Impulse was facing massive debtors and inventory related issues at that period. After that, the company took a massive loan from Easy Finance Limited (EFL) to revive the liquidity position of the company. Later, the financial position of the company deteriorated and the company was liquidated in the month of December 2012. This liquidation resulted in the loss of the loan money that was given by EFL; and for this reason, EFL is taking legal actions against King and Queen. As per EFL, the unqualified report of the auditor did not reflect the liquidity problem of the company and this reason contributed to the loss of money to EFL. The main argument of the topic is that whether King and Queen are liable to EFL or not. In this regard, it is necessary to shed light on the responsibility of the auditors. The main responsibility of auditors is to plan and perform the whole audit operation of an organization so that it can be verified that the different financial accounts of the organization is free from material misstatement and all kinds of frauds (Asare and Wright 2012). On the other hand, it is the responsibility of the auditors to take care that the company is following the rules and regulations of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) (Schroeder 2013). These are the two major responsibilities of the auditors. It is the responsibility of the management to interpret the audit report of the organization. Releasing details about the liquidity position of the company is the responsibility of the management. The auditors have nothing to do with the liquidity position of the company. The purpose of the audi t report was unknown to King and queen. As per the rules and regulations of audit, the auditors are not liable to any third party if they do not know the purpose of their audit report. In this case, King and Queen were not informed the purpose of the audit report. Thus, King and Queen have no liability towards EFL. Some examples of popular cases are presented below to support the answer. The first case is Marcus Bros. Textile vs. Price Waterhouse (1999). There are three parties in the case. In this case, Price Warehouse was the audit partner of Piece Goods Shops Company (Piece Goods). As per the audit report of Price Warehouse, the accounts of Piece Goods were fairly presented and they were free from all kinds of material misstatement. Based on the audit report of Price Warehouse, Marcus Bro. made an extension in the credits to Piece Goods. However, in the year of 1993, Piece Goods became bankrupt and Marcus Bros. could not recover the money invested in Piece limited. Marcus Bros. files case against Price Warehouse by stating that the audit report of Price Warehouse did not reflect the financial condition of the company. However, the judgment of the court was in the favor of Price Warehouse as any auditor is not liable to any third party without knowing the purpose of the audit program (Hood 2012). Landell vs. Lybrand is the example of second case. As per this case, CPA was the auditor of Lybrand Ross Bros. Montgomery. Landell purchased eleven shares of the company Lybrand Ross Bros. after considering the report of CPA. However, the Plaintiff Landell had to face loss as the financial position of the company deteriorated and the share prices decreased massively. Plaintiff Landell filed a case against CPA; but the court made the judgment in the favor of CPA as the auditors are not liable to any third parties (Koppelman 2014). Based on the above discussion and the examples, it can be said that the King and Queen is not liable to EFL as the auditors have no responsibility to any third party. Confidentiality is one of the most important aspects of auditing. It is the responsibility of the auditors to maintain confidentiality regarding the important data and information of the audit client. The auditors do not have any right to disclose any kinds of information about the audit client to any third party. They cannot even disclose the important data to the other employees of the client firm (Mironeasa and Codin? 2013). There are two dimension of the case. At the presence of the consent of Impulse, King and Queen would have liability towards EFL. At the presence of consent from Impulse, King and Queen needed to disclose the liquidity position to any third party. At that point, King and Queen had to make further valuation of the liquidity position of the company as they were directed to disclose the liquidity position of the company. Hence, King and Queen would be liable to EFL. Another dimension of the case could be the absence of the consent of Impulse to King and Queen to d isclose any kind of financial position of the company. In this point, it is the utmost responsibility of King and Queen not to disclose any kinds of information of the financial position of the company. As per the rules and regulations auditing, King and Queen would make a serious offense if they disclose the liquidity situation of Impulse to EFL for the ease of their decision making process. In this case, King and Queen have no responsibility towards ELF as EFL is a third party to King and Queen. Thus, King and Queen would not be liable to EFL in this purpose. It is desired that the auditors do not have any kinds of financial interest in any of the properties of the audit client. This is called the independence of the auditors (Hoos, d'Arcy, and Messier 2012). As per the principles of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), there are two kinds of auditors independence. One is Actual Independence and another is Perceived Independence. Both of them are discussed below: Actual Independence: There are two other name of actual independence. They are real Independence and Independence in fact. Actual independence refers to the state of mind of the auditors. It is desired that the auditors must have special state of mind at the time of the audit process. This specific state of mind is called the Actual Independence of the auditors. The presence of actual independence helps the auditors to take critical as well as crucial decisions in the tricky situations. Often it happens that the management of that organization puts the auditors in difficult situation; actual independence assists the auditors to take perfect decisions in this type of situations (Dogui, Boiral and Heras?Saizarbitoria 2014). Perceived independence: The other name of perceived independence is the independence in appearance. Perceived independence evaluates the viewpoints of the auditors. An auditor who has perceived independence can analyze any critical situation better than any other can and they can judge the situation in different ways. Perceived independence assists the auditors in deriving different solution of a same problem so that the best one can be selected among them. It is the perception of the auditors to see different kinds of auditing problems. One of the major features of perceived independence is that it cannot be measured. Different auditor has different kinds of perceived independence. An auditor having actual and perceived independence can perform the audit operations more perfectly (Schmidt 2012). The provided situation says that Bob is continuing his higher study and the audit profession in Club Casino at the same time. It has been mentioned that Bob has copied some of the financial information of the company for his own purpose without the consent of the company. The confidentiality principles of auditors say that the auditors of an organization cannot disclose or copy the data and information of that organization to anyone. This principle indicates that the act done by Bob is a serious offence as it is against the principles of auditing. The companies should implement more effective safety measures so that the important data and information is kept in safe places. On the other hand, the passwords or ant details of important information cannot be disclosed to anyone (Shaub and Braun 2014). As per the situation provided, Wendy is performing the audit operation in Ace Limited. After the retirement of the company secretary of Ace Limited, the position was vacant for six months. Wendy was the temporary company secretary of Ace Limited at that period. As per the auditing principles, this act of Wendy is against regulations of auditing. It has been mentioned in the audit principles that an auditor cannot play any role of senior management in the same organization. This act of Wendy contributes in the breaching of auditing principles. There is a safeguard available for this act. The company secretary position needs to be replaced. On the other hand, the company can terminate Wendy as audit assistance as per the rules and regulations of audit authority (Weirich and Reinstein 2014). This case states that one of a factory supervisor of Precision Machinery Limited is the father of Leo. As per the case study, Leo was appointed as the internal audit partner of Precision machinery Limited who has the responsibility to control the cash payment system. This act of Leo is against the rules of auditing. This rule says that any relative, son, daughter, or close friends of any member of the organization cannot be the auditors of the same company. Thus, the act of Leo has breached the rules of auditing. Leo should be replaced from the internal auditor position of Precision machinery Limited as a corrective measure (Stuart 2012). The auditing rules and regulations say that the auditors cannot take any kind of gifts from the audit client as it can influence the decision of the auditors (Arruada 2013). As per the given scenario, Chan and Associates is the audit partner of Reproduction Private limited. Chan and Associates has taken furniture and shares from Reproduction Private Limited as their outstanding fees for three years. Moreover, the value of the furniture was not worth the full fees of Chan and Associates. This is a serious offence as it is against the rule of auditing. It is against the integrity of the audit process. Chan and Associates should immediate return all the furniture and shares as a corrective measure (MaAyan and Carmeli 2015). References Arruada, B., 2013.The economics of audit quality: Private incentives and the regulation of audit and non-audit services. Springer Science Business Media. Asare, S.K. and Wright, A.M., 2012. Investors', auditors', and lenders' understanding of the message conveyed by the standard audit report on the financial statements.Accounting Horizons,26(2), pp.193-217. Czerney, K., Schmidt, J.J. and Thompson, A.M., 2014. Does auditor explanatory language in unqualified audit reports indicate increased financial misstatement risk?.The Accounting Review,89(6), pp.2115-2149. Dogui, K., Boiral, O. and Heras?Saizarbitoria, I., 2014. Audit fees and auditor independence: The case of ISO 14001 certification.International Journal of Auditing,18(1), pp.14-26. Hood, P., 2012.Principles of Lender Liability. Oxford University Press. Hoos, F., d'Arcy, A.C. and Messier, W., 2012, March. Serving two masters: Experimental evidence on internal auditors' independence. In1er WORKSHOP" Audit". Ittonen, K., 2012. Market reactions to qualified audit reports: research approaches.Accounting Research Journal,25(1), pp.8-24. Koppelman, E.L., 2014. The Validity of a Covenant of Indemnity in an Illegal Lease.St. John's Law Review,5(1), p.10. Louwers, T.J., Ramsay, R.J., Sinason, D.H., Strawser, J.R. and Thibodeau, J.C., 2013.Auditing and assurance services. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. MaAyan, Y. and Carmeli, A., 2015. Internal Audits as a Source of Ethical Behavior, Efficiency, and Effectiveness in Work Units.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-17. Mironeasa, C. and Codin?, G.G., 2013. A new approach of audit functions and principles.Journal of Cleaner Production,43, pp.27-36. Schmidt, J.J., 2012. Perceived auditor independence and audit litigation: The role of nonaudit services fees.The Accounting Review,87(3), pp.1033-1065. Schroeder, J.H., 2013.What is the role of auditing in earnings announcement disclosures? the impact of audit completeness and quality on gaap disclosure details. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY. Shaub, M.K. and Braun, R.L., 2014. Call of duty: A framework for auditors ethical decisions. InAccounting for the Public Interest(pp. 3-25). Springer Netherlands. Stuart, I., 2012.Auditing and assurance services: an applied approach. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Weirich, T.R. and Reinstein, A., 2014. The PCAOB's Proposed New Audit Report.The CPA Journal,84(4), p.24.

The Counterpane Essay Example

The Counterpane Essay The Counterpane: An Objective Perspective on the Relationship Between Ishmael and Queequeg In this essay I will be discussing the queer (peculiar) relationship of two characters from the novel, Moby Dick by Herman Melville. The two characters of focus are Ishmael, the main protagonist, and Queequeg, a harpooner that Ishmael encounters. I will examine the growth of their relationship since their meeting and study their interactions with one another as the story progresses. I will interpret the significance of their behavior using examples of imagery and tone used in the novel. In Moby Dick, by Herman Melville, Ishmael and Queequeg form a strong bond that develops over the course of their adventure. Their relationship is more intense than the average friendship between men. Quotes such as hearts honeymoon and cozy, loving pair suggest a sense of matrimony between them. Ishmael is shown to care for Queequeg a great deal. He became fearful for Queequegs well-being Get the axe! For Gods sake, run for the doctor, some one, while I pry it open! It is also apparent that Ishmael greatly admires Queequeg. He seems to be very interested in his muscular physique, reveling his brawny shoulder. I believe that by analyzing the imagery and tone of the novel, their relationship can be depicted as more than a common friendship. Ishmael and Queequegs relationship is more affectionate and emotional than a common male friendship, this can be seen through specific uses of imagery. At first Ishmael was hesitant to share a bed with the mysterious harpooner, but after much explanation Ishmael found that Queequeg was actually polite and kind man. We will write a custom essay sample on The Counterpane specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Counterpane specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Counterpane specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There is then much less tension as they shared a bed. Ishmael describes how Queequegs arm was thrown over him in the most loving and affectionate anner and how he could have been mistaken for his wife. Thus, then, in our hearts honeymoon, lay I and Queequeg, a cozy, loving pair. This imagery gives the impression of a sort of matrimony between the two of them that is uncommon in men, especially at their age. As the story progresses it becomes apparent that Ishmael cares deeply for Queequeg and his well being. Get the axe! For Gods sake, run for the doctor, someone, while I pry it open! Ishmaels tone of desperation is evidence of genuinely caring about Queequeg. From that hour I clove to Queequeg ike a barnacle, this imagery shows how tightly Ishmael embraced Queequeg after he returned from the sea, having Just saved the bumpkin. watched as Queequeg was revealing his brawny shoulders through the freezing foam, and seemed to ogle the grand and glorious fellow. The descriptiveness of each detail shows how much attention Ishmael was paying to Queequegs muscular physique. When Ishmael refers to him as My brave Queequeg as he dives to rescue a crew member shows his admiration for Queequegs vigilance in the face of danger. Queequeg and Ishmael have grown to trust each other with their lives. l seemed to istinctively perceive that my own individuality was now merged in a Joint stick of two. Ishmaels tone signifies that he understands and accepts that Queequegs life is in hands. . we were bosom friends; he would gladly die for me, if the need should be. This shows Queequeg too, trusted Ishmael enough to put his life on the line for him. Ishmael and Queequeg have grown very close since their first encounter and have continued to support each other. Friendships like these are uncommon among men at their age. Their interactions, along with the tone and imagery of the novel suggest that in the end they are more than Just friends.

Enzyme Coursework essays

Enzyme Coursework essays Aim: In this experiment I hope to try and find the effect of surface area of Enzyme on the rate of an Enzyme controlled reaction. Enzymes have a globular structure and are formed of various different proteins which are constructed from amino acids. These contain residual chains. The amino acids are arranged in single chains connected by peptide bonds. The chains are moulded into a 3d shape. Enzymes are a catalyst in chemical reactions. A catalyst is a reactant in a chemical reaction that increases the rate at which the reaction occurs by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to take place, however the enzymes remain unchanged. - Potato (white English Nadine Yorkshire, grown in 2005) - Set up apparatus as shown in diagram 1. - Measure out 8cm3 of Hydrogen Peroxide into boiling tube. - Fill measuring cylinder with water and hold upside down in water trough. - Place one end of delivery tube in measuring cylinder, making sure the end with the bung is left out to place over boiling tube. - Now the delivery tube is set up in the correct position to collect the oxygen gas, you can now use the corer to cut out a piece of potato (this equipment is set up before experiment starts to stop gas escaping). ...

Halifax Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Halifax Analysis - Essay Example The service delivery method deployed by Halifax is strongly related to the company's ability to promote and execute to customer needs through professional E-business at http://www.halifax.co.uk/home/index.shtml. This allows the bank to run literally twenty-four hours per day year round. The benefits of this service delivery are the continuity of service, however the detriment may be found in genuine customer service and person to person contact. The professional service deliver for online banking is in high demand. In the long run, there will always be demand for credit cards, mortgages business loans or insurance in one form or another. Financial services are the backbone of our economy and will continue to be for years to come (Davies 1992). Because diversified financials offer such a wide range of products, they are able position their companies to tap changing demand for different products (Davies 1992). World population is continuing to expand at an exponential rate. It is important for companies within the industry position themselves in developing countries to take advantage of exploding populations, especially in emerging countries (Davies 1992). The degree of customer interaction for online banking is low. ... Several online banks also offer 'click to chat' options which allow an online customer to 'chat' with a professional banker. This is not an option available with Halifax. ). Technological innovation has allowed financial companies to automate time and labour intensive processes and enhance their ability to match up borrowers and lenders, regardless of geographic location (Gardener 1988). While Halifax has reached several components of innovative technology by the development of 24-7 online banking, they are severely lacking in the degree of viable customer interactions. Degree of Service Customisation The degree of service customisation is relatively high. Halifax has developed specialised services through online banking for the purpose of gaining new customers and retaining current customers (McDonald 2002). In the degree of customised services, Halifax offers diverse and multiple professional banking services. Expectations are commonly defined as "beliefs about a product that serve as standards or reference points against which product [or service] performance is judged" (Zeithaml et al. 1993, p. 1). To this, Halifax responds by offering direct and easy to navigate professional services. There are icons for nearly all-banking needs that the customer can easily navigate based on their requirements. Halifax also boasts that it will assist the customer in 'switching' banks, which customises the professional service towards new customers. Nature of Service Act The nature of the professional service is strongly E-business The service side concentrates mainly on providing services to the customer. Halifax's customer care section plays an important role on deciding if the company and should be

Management Accounting & Activity Based Costing Essay

Management Accounting & Activity Based Costing - Essay Example production process encompasses various activities such as operation of machines, maintaining the machinery, as well as supervising the production process. Operators operate the machines; maintenance mechanics perform the machine set ups and maintain machines when molding and the supervisors provide supervision for the maintenance mechanics and machine operators. Other activities include building, administration and sales. The resources used include energy for the set-up and molding process by the molding machines. Machines consume 6.3KW of energy on an hourly basis. Also, other consumable shop supplies like lubricants and hoses form the major resources within the company. A cost driver refers to characteristics of events or activities which results in business incurring costs. Activity based costing have the products consuming activities and the activities consume the resources (Kallunki& Hanna 2008, p. 62-79). In the case study above, the production process has the number of orders and number of set up machines as the cost drivers.The Cost drivers for machine operation include the number of the operators and machines available. Machine maintenance cost drivers include the number of machines to be maintained and the number of technicians. The supervision cost drivers include the number of supervisors and number of people to supervise. Cost drivers for the building include insurance and rent costs. Number of machine hour in production may be used in calculating the rate of machine hour relating to repair, depreciation and maintenance processes. Also, the production process will have the number of inspections as the cost drivers. In making of the product, inspection for quality evaluation requires the appointment of experts who consume money in terms of salary, travel, electricity, as well as the depreciation of the equipment. The overheads may be calculated based on the number of tests. Each batch requires 4 tests, and suppose the available batches are 200,

Perceptual completion experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Perceptual completion experiment - Essay Example There are other reasons too, like ‘cortical scotoma’. There have been numerous studies on the process of perceptual completion and various theories on how this process occurs have been put forward. The first person to notice the phenomenon of filling-in was the inventor of kaleidoscope, Sir David Brewster in the nineteenth century. In 1832, he wrote, â€Å"Though the base of the optic nerve is insensible to light that falls directly upon it, yet it has been made susceptible of receiving luminous impressions from the parts which surround it, and†¦the spot†¦in place of being black, has always the same color as the ground† (Crossland and Rubin, 2007). The phenomenon wasn’t studied for a long time until the twentieth century. In the recent times, however, this phenomenon has been largely studied using something called as ‘artificial scotomas’. V.S. Ramachandran and Richard Gregory developed â€Å"artificial scotoma†. In artificial scotoma, a small object such as a small dot is surrounded by a background noise. After steadily looking at the object for some time, the object vanishes in the background noise. (Pessoa & Weerd, 2003) But ‘filling in’ is not only influenced by the area around the blind spot. It is also influenced by attention and extended distance as shown by Ramachandran. If two orthogonal lines, one black and one white, of equal lengths, are running through the blind spot, you do not see a grayish smear at the centre. Instead, the line on which you focus more is more easily completed by perceptual completion. Now, if, one of the lines is longer, the line that is longer is more easily completed. (Pessoa & Weerd, 2003) Dennett, however, argues that there is no ‘filling-in’ but ‘finding out’. Dennett argues that our brain simply ignores the blind spot and there is no neural process involved in doing this. He further argues that if brain knows what

Radiation Induced Symptoms in Gynaecological Malignancies

Radiation Induced Symptoms in Gynaecological Malignancies CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Cancer is a condition where a specific part of the body cells grow and reproduce uncontrollably .The Cancerous cells invade and destroy the surrounding healthy tissues , including organs .( National Health Service, 2005). Gynaecologic Cancers are the uncontrolled growth of cell and spread abnormally in the female reproductive organs, including the cervix , ovaries ,uterus , fallopian tubes, vagina and vulva .(American Cancer Society, 2004). Gynaecological cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer among women and annually it affects approximately 1 in 20 women. It is a frequent group of malignancies in women, which accounts approximately 18% of all female cancers Worldwide. The most common gynaecological cancers in women are cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer, vaginal and vulvar cancers are rare. (Goker et al, 2004) Cervix, which is the lowest part of the uterus there the cervical cancer is starting. Where in Uterine or endometrial cancer it starts from the uterus. The uterus is a pear shaped organ in a women’s pelvis where the baby grows when a women becomes pregnant. Ovarian cancer begins in the Ovaries. Ovaries are located on each side of the uterus. Vaginal cancer starts in the vagina, which is a hollow organ, outside of the body and called birth canal and vulva is the outer part of the female genital organs that includes the inner and outer lips of the vagina, the clitoris, and the opening of the vagina and its glands where it starts cancer namely vulval cancer. (Kearney, 2006) Women are at risk for Gynecological Cancer, the risk factors include increasing age, strong family history, problems with gene mutation , multiple sex partners, exposure to hormones such estrogen pills ,exposure to diethylstilbestrol in the womb, viral infection such as human papilloma virus, life style factors such as smoking and overweight . (Gynecological Cancer foundation Women’s centre, 2002). National Health Service (2004) , reported that the symptoms of Gynecological Cancer depends on where the tumor is situated, the size of the tumor and how quickly it is growing. The symptoms include abnormal or persist vaginal bleeding, bleeding after menopause and bleeding after sex, unusual vaginal discharges, pelvic pain , pressure or discomfort in the abdomen, swelling of the abdomen, change in bowel or bladder habits, pain during sex, itching, burning or soreness ,lumps or warts like growth in the vulval area . Gynaecological cancer can be treated depending on the stage, type of the disease, the severity of symptoms and the women’s general health. Treatment mostly involves surgery to remove tumor by determining its stage. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy, may also be used to treat the Gynaecological cancers. (National Health Service, 2004). Cervical cancer accounted new cases for 493,000 and 273,000 will be dying, in which uterine cancer 199,000 new cases and death was 50,000. Considering the ovarian cancer 204,000 new cases and 125,000 deaths. Regarding vagina, valvul and choriocarcinoma together constituted 45,900 cases. Cervical cancer occurred 60% in the developing countries whereas in developed countries two thirds of is uterine cancer. (Sankarnarayanan and ferlay, 2006). Cervical cancer is the third most common gynaecological cancer in the USA and second most common cancer among women in worldwide. In Indian scenario annually, 132,000 new cases are diagnosed, and 74,000 deaths occur. The incidence rise during 30-34 years of age and peaks at 55-65 years with a median age of 38 years. It is mainly caused by HPV, multiple sex partners, use of contraceptive pills. The common signs are bleeding from the vagina before or after intercourse, pelvic pain during sex and Pap smear test used to diagnosis. The treatment options are surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. (Karthikeyan, 2012). Endometrial cancer is the sixth most common malignancies among females in the worldwide and fourth most common cancer in developed countries with an estimated incidence of 288,000 new cases in the year of 2008. It occurs in the age group of 50 years with a median age group of 63 years. The risk factors are Obesity BMI (>30), long Lasting endogenous or exogenous, hyperestrogenism (polycystic ovary, tamoxifen therapy, an ovulation, null parity), hypertension. Hysterectomy surgery, radiation therapy both external and internal combined with chemotherapy are management for treating the endometrial cancer. (Colombo et al, 2006) Radiotherapy plays a key role in the treatment of patients with cancer in European countries. It is used for treating the palliative symptoms. Sometimes it may be combined with chemotherapy, surgery and hormone therapy for effective outcome. (Richardson, 2006). In the last century, radiation has been successfully used as primary and adjuvant treatment in the management of gynaecological malignancies .It is anticipated that the radiation therapy will continues as an integral component in the treatment of cervical, endometrial , vulvar, and vaginal carcinoma. (Bradley, 2006) Radiation therapy to any site in the pelvis can cause damage to many adjacent structures. The problems when treating pelvic areas include urinary problems such as pain or burning on mituration, increased frequency, and urgency of passing urine, incontinence or leakage and nocturia 23 % to 80%. Gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting, diarrhea and proctitis can occur as a result of the radiation therapy.86% of the women receiving pelvic radiation therapy have these symptoms. Sexuality and fertility problems frequently affect men and women following pelvic radiotherapy (Kearney, 2006). Advances in the treatment of gynecological cancer had extended the duration of survival of many patients. However ,these patients frequently experience a variety of treatment and disease related side effects that diminish their quality of life during and after treatment ; because of pain ,nausea and vomiting, anemia ,fatigue ,peripheral neuropathy ,emotional distress , and sexual dysfunction . Therefore, it is important to monitor the Quality of Life during the course of the disease and its treatment. (Wenzel, 2002). Gynaecological malignancies receiving radiation therapy, experience more symptoms like fatigue, nausea and vomiting, constipation, radiation cystitis and stomach upset. Therefore, it needs prompt identification and management. (Cancer.net.com, 2012). Barbara, (2004) reported more than 60% of all clients with cancer receive radiation therapy at some point during the course of disease. It can be used as a primary , adjuvant ,or palliative treatment modality . the radiation therapy is the only primary modality of treatment used to achieve local cure of the cancer .As the adjuvant radiation therapy can be used either pre -operative or post operative to aid in the destruction of cancer cells. Chemotherapy also can be combined with radiation therapy and is administered before the Radiation therapy close in order to potentiate the effects of radiation therapy and as a palliative treatment modality to relieve pain caused by obstruction , pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression and metastasis Rebecca (2011) reported that during 20th century nearly 60% of cancer patients received radiation therapy aimed at the specific area where the tumor was located. Radiation usually given daily 5 days per week for 5 to 8 weeks. Daily treatment lasts about 15 to 30 minutes. It may be delivered externally or internally. Those with cervical or endometrial cancer, receive both external and internal radiation therapy. Henry.et al (2008) carried out the study, which examine the prevalence side effects and related treatment burden among cancer patients receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The study design was cross sectional survey, 63,949 cancer patients were included. Data were collected regarding type of cancer, time since diagnosis, side effects of treatment, visits, caregiver burden, missed workdays and socio demographic characteristics. The result of the study showed that the patient experienced side effects were fatigue (80%), pain (48%), and nausea and vomiting (48%).They concluded symptomatic experienced, reported by a patients is considerable time burden during treatment. It is important to consider supportive care strategies that may effectively reduce side effects and their associated treatment burden. NEED FOR THE STUDY Cancer is a group of disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spread of abnormal cell. The uncontrolled growth damages or mutations occur in the DNA. In our world, more than 100 types of cancer are existing. It is classified according to the type of cell that is initially affected in the body such as squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma etc., (Yarbo.et al, 2005). Gynaecological cancers estimated surveillance in 2013 in which, those 91,730 women will be diagnosed and in which, 28,080 will die from her disease. About cervical cancer, 12,340 were new cases and 4,030 were estimated deaths. In uterine cancer, estimated new cases 49,560 and 8,190 deaths, regarding ovarian cancer 22,240 were new cases and 14,030 deaths occur and in Vaginal and Vulvar cancer 2, 890 found new cases and 840 deaths occur. (American cancer society, 2013). In India about more than 10 lakhs people are affected by cancer among them one third is dying every year. The incidence of cancer will be increased by five times in the year of 2025. In the year of 2012, more than 5.55 lakhs people have died due to cancer in India. (Indian council for Medical Research, 2012). Gynaecological Cancer is the cancer of the female reproductive system, which includes cervical cancer, endometrial or uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, other types include fallopian tube cancer and placenta cancer, primary peritoneal cancer. (Gynecological Cancer foundation Women’s centre, 2002). Cancer has become an important public health problem with over 800, 000 new cases occur every year in India. It is the one of the ten leading cause of death. The incidence estimated to be around 70-90 /100,000 population .Cancer registries have also highlighted that more than 80% of cancer in females occur in the age group of 35- 64. Nearly 1,500,000 people require facilities, treatment and follow up at given time. About 50 -60% of all cancers among women in India are related mainly to the four organs; namely, cervix, uteri (endometrial), corpus uteri and ovaries. (Uma Devi, 2009). Radiation therapy is an important therapeutic management for treating the Gynaecological malignancies. The evidence based treatment guidelines, epidemiologic analysis suggests that radiation therapy is indicated 60% for cervical cancer patients, 45%for endometrial cancer patients, 35% of vulvar cancer patients, 100% to the vaginal cancer patients, 5% of patients with ovarian cancer. (American cancer society, 2013) Radiotherapy is the one of the main treatment options for patients with cancer. One-half of all patients with cancer receive radiation therapy during the course of the disease. It can be administered from a variety of sources. It can be divided into those outside the body called external beam radiation or teletherapy and, those inside the body or close to the surface of the body is known as internal radiation or intra cavity radiation or brachytherapy . These patients have their special needs and using inclusive of the concept of holistic care. (Ramsharan Mehta, 2007). Women with gynecological malignancies undergoing radiation therapy on the pelvic area may affect more in physical and sexual wellbeing. Radiation side effects such as nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, urinary problems and sexually depression. We nurses are the person in a position do the necessary assessment, identify the problems, and provide quality of care in order to relief from the symptoms. (Ram sharan Mehta, 2007) Dunberger Bergmark (2012) stated that majority of cancer patients treated for gynecological, rectal and anal cancer suffer from physical symptoms such as bowel problems, the urinary bladder and the genitals. They supported the nurses are important role in managing these side effects with rehabilitation programme. I have seen in my clinical posting many of the patients receiving radiation therapy for cancer treatment. In which, Woman who are undergoing radiation therapy for gynecological malignancy in that majority of them diagnosed as cervical and endometrial cancer. They have undergone both external and internal radiation therapy. However, during the course of the treatment they apparently faced many side effects from the radiation source in which it affect the overall quality of life and disrupt the daily activities. Most of the woman told mainly they have physical symptoms such as fatigue, nausea and vomiting, insomnia, anorexia, bowel incontinence, urinary problems, vaginal problems, and emotional upset. Therefore, they need to be addressed and provide the quality nursing care to reduce the symptoms experience. Nursing strategies implemented during the radiation therapy treatment help them to get rid of radiation-induced symptoms. Nurses are the experts in identifying the symptoms and pro viding best quality of care to relieve the symptom experienced by the patients. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: A study to assess the Radiation Induced Symptoms and execution of Nursing Strategies among patients with Gynaecological Malignancies at KMCH, Coimbatore. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to, assess the Radiation Induced Symptoms of patients with Gynaecological Malignancies. determine the effectiveness of Nursing Strategies on Radiation Induced Symptoms among patients with Gynaecological Malignancies. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION: Radiation Induced Symptoms: It refers to the symptoms, which include pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, insomnia, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, urinary incontinence, urgency, and vaginal problems that will be assessed by radiation induced symptoms assessment questionnaire. Nursing Intervention: Independent and collaborative nursing measures will be taken and direct to manage the Radiation Induced Symptoms such as pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, urinary incontinence, urgency, vaginal problems and psychosexual problems. Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy is the one of the cancer treatment strategies by using external and internal radiation therapy to kill the cancer producing cells in the body. Patients: Patients with gynaecological malignancies such as cervical cancer, uterine cancer (endometrial), who are undergoing radiation therapy. HYPOTHESIS: H1: There is a significant difference between radiation-induced symptoms before and after execution of nursing strategies. ASSUMPTIONS: Patients who receiving radiation therapy for gynaecological malignancies are developing radiation induced physical symptoms. Nursing strategies reduce the symptoms experience. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Conceptual framework act as a building block for the research study. The overall purpose is to make research finding meaningful and generalisable. It deals with abstractions that are assembled by virtue of their relevance to a common theme (Polit and Hungler). Conceptualizations are a process of forming ideals, which are utilized for the development of research design. It helps the researcher to know what data is to be collected and gives direction to an entire research process. It provides certain framework of reference for clinical practice and research. Nursing is complex field of study with a need for practical and hands- on training as well as knowledge of the theoretical and the historical basis. Conceptual framework for this study was developed based on Ernestine Wiedenbach’s clinical nursing practice. She proposed her theory in 1970. This theory helps the nurse to guide practice and identify activities to help the patient the situation. Elements of Nursing According to Wiedenbach, there are four essential components to the field of nursing: 1. Philosophy of nursing Philosophy of nursing includes the attitudes and beliefs about life, the nurse maintains and how these beliefs affect the reality. Philosophy leads the nurse to act in a certain way to improve the patient outcome. 2. Nursing purpose The purpose of nursing includes what a particular nurse wishes to accomplish through the profession and the activities that are directed to the overall good of the Patient. 3. Nursing Practice The practice of nursing involves identifying and administering the required needs of a patients and determining whether the actions were helpful to the patient. 4. Art of Nursing Wiedenbach encouraged nurses to see nursing as an art, which includes understanding whether those actions are helpful to the patient. Wiedenbach’s view of nursing as an art based on goal directed care. Wiedenbach’s vision of nursing closely parallels the assessment, implementation and evaluation of the nursing practice. According to wiedenbach, nursing practice consists of identifying a patient’s need for help, ministering the needed help and validating that the need for help was met. According to her factual and speculative knowledge, judgment and skills are necessary for effective nursing practice. `This theory consists of three factors: central purpose, prescription and realities. A nurse develops a prescription based on a central purpose and implements it according to the realities of the situation. According to wiedenbach’s central purpose is the overall goal towards which a nurse strives. Prescription refers to the plans of care for a patient. Realities refer to the physical, physiological, emotional and spiritual factors that come into play in a situation involving nursing actions. The attributes adopted in this study are, Central purpose: The central purpose of this study is to assess the radiation induced symptoms and execution of nursing strategies among patient with Gynaecological Malignancies. Prescription: The investigator plans the prescription that will fulfill the central purpose by identifying various needs to achieve the goal. Thus, the investigator prepared nursing strategies for symptoms such as pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, appetite loss, bowel problems, urinary problems and vaginal problems. Realities: The five realities identified by Wiedenbach are agent, recipient, goal, means and framework. Agent Investigator. Recipient Gynaecological patients receiving radiation therapy. Goal Reduces the symptom experience level and feel comfortable. Means Nursing strategies. Framework Radiation oncology department in KMCH. Identification: `This includes identification of radiation-induced symptoms, the need for nursing strategies and its effectiveness on the symptom experience among Gynaecological Malignancies patients. Ministration: Ministration refers to the administration of nursing strategies for reduce the radiation induced symptoms such as pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, nutritional imbalances, bowel problems, urinary problems and vaginal problems among patients with gynaecological malignancies. Validation: It concerns the evaluation of the effectiveness of nursing strategies on radiation-induced symptoms among patients with gynaecological malignancies. A positive outcome represents patients had markedly decreased symptoms experience.

korean war :: essays research papers

Korea was engaged in a civil war as an attempt to keep North Korea from thrusting its influence on South Korea. Communist Russia and China were strong supporters of the North, and to keep Communism contained the United States sent troops to the South. USA troops spent years fighting and dying for a country some had never heard of. The irony of this war is that no one really paid attention and its memory withered as well as the memory of the men who fought there. You may ask how this could’ve happened or how it all came about, and ,yes, there is an answer it just may be a little difficult to explain. Hence this war was known as the â€Å"forgotten war†. A cry rang out, June 24, 1950, from a small country half way around the world and America listened. Korea’s geographical realties affected the conduct of war at the strategic, the operational, and the tactical level. It’s strategic location made it a collision point for competing interests of major power throughout the world. As far as the actual land mass, Korea is a country no larger than the state of Kansas. All together, North and South Korea covers an area of 85,246 square miles, and only fifteen percent of that can be considered plains – these are mostly in the southern coastal regions. The United States could not allow its interests in East Asia, particularly Japan, to be placed in jeopardy. It was not the nation of Korea but its geographical location that prompted America to intervene in the war. (Sommers, 3-10)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The United Nations was greatly concerned with the war in Korea, but it did not have an army to send. Thus, the United States Army made up four fifths of the actual forces sent to Korea. The bulk of the forces sent were placed under the command of General MacArthur from the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the first attempts to drive the North Koreans back was a wise plan devised by MacArthur. He landed his forces from the sea at Inchon and worked his way up the coast. His gamble paid off when his army retook the South Korean capital of Seoul. After this victory the United States questioned whether they should stop at the 38th parallel or go beyond it and try to recapture North Korea. They decided to go on. After the 38th was crossed putting the US and South Korean forces in the North , China

Assessing a Underachieving Employee Essay

Executive Summary This is a short study about measuring an underachieving employee that I personally had to cover with. It discusses the jobs that arose. I analysed them and so put into topographic point a twosome of solutions. The most debatable work state of affairs that I personally encountered was with a work co-worker who was a immature lady working at the Cooperative nutrient group and she was underperforming. This relates to the constructs of book2. An debut to human resource direction in concern. session 4 Assessing and developing people at work. When my work co-worker foremost started working at the Cooperative she was an first-class worker who gave 100 % all the clip. She had worked at the Cooperative for merely over two old ages and we were in the procedure of believing about advancing her from a client service helper to a supervisor. She started to do errors at the check-out procedure. our director noticed hard currency deficits. losing dealing paperwork and errors on the lottery and paypoint terminuss. As a supervisor my director asked me to supervise the state of affairs over a two hebdomad period and to compose down any errors or hard currency deficits and put the day of the months they happened so that our director could make up one's mind what the following class of action would be. Measuring a Underachieving EmployeeThe analysis of the jobs that arose. I am utilizing constructs from book 2. An debut to human resource direction in concern. session 4. assessing and developing people at work. These errors that my work co-worker were doing could be go oning for a figure of grounds. She could be holding fiscal troubles so she has stolen the money that is why there are hard currency deficits. nevertheless that does non explicate why the other errors have occurred on the lottery and paypoint terminuss and it’s really easy to leap to the incorrect decision when analyzing this. I believe the chief point to be about public presentation direction as it states in book 2. session 4. 1. public presentation direction â€Å"ensuring that staff are motivated† . I don’t believe she is motivated any longer. as when she is at work she is stuck on a check-out procedure for really long periods of clip. There is no assortment in her occupation function to maintain her motivated. and to be absolutely honest when other members of staff are busy she does acquire forgotten approximately and if she does non inquire the other members of staff she would non even acquire her interruptions as they forget about her. Making the same thing twenty-four hours in twenty-four hours and twenty-four hours out can go a spot humdrum. This is why her public presentation has started to endure as she feels deflated and demotivated. It is as though she has given up on this occupation and merely turns up because she has to and she needs the money. As it states in book 2. session 4. 2 Measuring public presentation â€Å"the individual may miss way or be working to less than full capacity† . Which in this instance I believe to be true. This will impact how the concern is run if non cover with as other members of staff could get down to make the same. Customers will non desire to shop at that place if t he staff don’t show an involvement. The criterions that were one time at that place will get down to drop ensuing in a negative impact on the concern. A solution to the jobs that occurredThe first thing I would make would be to put up a record of meetings with this work co-worker and our director. This is a treatment about what is go oning and it is recorded for future mention. At this meeting I would discourse how we can travel frontward together as a squad. I would explicate to her the importance of her occupation function and how of import it is to acquire it right. I would put her little accomplishable marks to take for with wagess given when achieved. Arranging regular meetings is besides a good thought ; this could be done as a public presentation assessment. As it states in book 2. session 4. 4. table 4. 2. it has the â€Å"Opportunity to actuate staff by recognizing achievements† . I believe this is what is needed in this state of affairs. she needs to experience like a valued squad member. this would so give her the motive needed to make her occupation right and to her full capacity. the concern will so be more prod uctive as it stated in book 2. session 4. 2 Assessing public presentation. I may so look into whether she would be interested in altering her occupation function a small. for illustration. stock refilling. and bringing bringings in. look intoing day of the months on merchandises. that kind of thing. This would give her some assortment in her occupation and hopefully actuate her once more. This would necessitate more preparation and cost the concern. nevertheless if she is merely on the check-out procedures and non been monitored she is bing the concern money anyhow through the errors she is doing. Some of this preparation would be done externally. through preparation classs. nevertheless most of the preparation would be done by training. As it states in book 2. session 4. 6. Developing is non merely preparation classs. â€Å"coaching ; a manner of reassigning cognition and accomplishment from a more experient individual to a less experient person† . I think this is the best manner frontward for this work co-worker in this state of affairs.Research fr om the Internet I looked on the cyberspace and did some research to see how to develop underperformers at work. I found two the first 1 was Yourbusiness. azcentral. com. It fundamentally states that underperformers inhibit teamwork and lower morale of other staff members. It besides says you need to organize relationships with employees. so you can make a willingness to assist the person. It besides says to put incremental ends for the employee. What this web site was stating made sense. nevertheless I’m non certain how dependable this beginning is as it wants me to subscribe to them. The following 1 I looked at was World Wide Web. acas. org. uk. I found this website really interesting as it gives a full list of different signifiers that you can publish including appraisal signifiers. absence record sheets and tonss of information about how to pull off public presentation. I believe this to be a dependable beginning as this administration is devoted to forestalling and deciding employment iss ues. besides it wasn’t seeking to sell me anything. Tutor group forumI peculiarly enjoyed the coach group forum activity 2. 1 – Work Pleasure or Pain? It was nice that most people thought the same as me. in that they enjoyed their work. My hubby hates work and ne'er understands how I can bask traveling to work. I wholly agreed with what Mark Pickering said in that work is a pleasance and that it allows me to accomplish my ends in life. while supplying for my household. Mentions Book 2 ( 2012 ) ‘An debut to human resource direction in business’ The Open University. Milton Keynes. Study Companion ( 2012 ) . The Open University. Milton Keynes.Yourbusiness. azcentral. com.World Wide Web. acas. org. United Kingdom

Commonly Confused Words Have and of

Commonly Confused Words Have and of The sound of the preposition of  is similar to the sound of vethe shortened form of the helping verb have. As a result, of is sometimes misused in contractions. Usage Have  often functions as an auxiliary verb (or helping verb). In speech and informal writing, the contracted form ve  is sometimes used with the verbs could, must, should, would, may, and might. Of  is a  preposition, not a contraction. Examples Jed could have tried harder to help us.Jed said, I wouldve tried harder if Id known you were paying attention.Some of us must have been watching the game when the burglars broke into the house.If the Mets would have given him two more runs per game, Seaver would have won 20 games by the end of August. But that was one of those wouldve, couldve, shouldve scenarios.(Josh Rosengren, Hammerin Hank, George Almighty and the Say Hey Kid, 2008)The planning of the fly was an application of pure intelligence, morals not being concerned. Not one of us could have planned the fly, not one of us could have constructed him; and no one would have considered it wise to try, except under an assumed name.(Mark Twain, Thoughts of God, early 1900s) Usage Notes Mr. Wood, my English teacher, is always telling us that theres no such thing as must of, should of, could of, its must have, should have, could have. Mr. Wood says stuff like, The day you all get that simple little fact into your tiny little heads is the day I can retire a happy man. Well, this is all very well and good, but he doesnt need to be moaning on to me about it. (Hayley Long, Lottie Biggs Is [Not] Mad. Macmillan, 2009)When we speak, we slur these phrases so that they all sound as if they end in of, but in fact, all of them end in have. Their correct forms are may have, might have, must have, should have, would have, and could have. (Susan Thurman, The Only Grammar Book Youll Ever Need. FW Media, 2003)Some writers use of for ve deliberately to add flavor; should of and Id of have a drawled look that the more clipped shouldve and Idve lack. Ring Lardner and John OHara often used of for ve, and it is unlikely that either did it from ignorance. (Edward Johnson,  The Handbook of Good English. Washington Square, 1991)   Practice Exercises Fill in the blanks with either have or of. See how you did with the answers below. One _____ us made a mistake.It must _____ been you.She was one _____ the few gentlewomen I _____ ever known, and has remained throughout my life the measure _____ what a human being can be. (Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969) Answers to Practice Exercises One  of  us made a mistake.It must  have  been you.She was one  of  the few gentlewomen I  have  ever known, and has remained throughout my life the measure  of  what a human being can be. (Maya Angelou,  I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969)

Edible Glowing Blood Slime

Edible Glowing Blood Slime What couldnt Halloween costume or party benefit from some blood slime? This particular slime is also edible, non-sticky and glows blue-white under a black light. Its easy to make! Glowing Blood Slime Materials 1 teaspoon soluble fiber (e.g., Metamucil)8 ounces (1 cup) diet tonic water red food coloring Make the Slime! Stir the fiber into the tonic water.Add a drop or two of food coloring. The slime gets darker during preparation, so dont add too much food coloring.Heat the liquid in a microwave-safe container until it boils. Depending on your microwave power this may be anywhere from 1-4 minutes. When the mixture boils, pause the microwave and stir the slime.Cook the microwave another 1-2 minutes. Stir it.Repeat the cooking/stirring cycle a total of 4-5 times, until the slime develops a gelatinous consistency. Carefully remove the slime from the microwave. The container will be very hot!Let the slime cool before you handle it. You can play with it, decorate with it, or even eat it. No matter what color you made your slime, it will glow blue-white under a black light or ultraviolet light. The glow is fluorescence from the quinine in the tonic water.Store your slime in a sealed bowl or plastic bag. If you are just decorating with it, its fine at room temperature, but if you plan on putting the slime in your mouth, its a good idea to refrigerate leftovers. While the slime wont stick to most surfaces, the food coloring will cause it to stain fabrics and skin. Clean up slime with soap and water. Your favorite stain remover will take out the food coloring. Watch a video of this project.

Conference week Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conference week - Essay Example He believes that globalisation is wrong because it solely serves the interests of the ruling elites by controlling everything, including the government, the media, and now, even those who are supposed to be critical of and against them. I agree that globalisation has its weaknesses and negative consequences to the poor and marginalised sectors; however, I also believe that with the right vision, mission, goals, leaders, advocacy, and activities, disempowered sectors can use globalisation to develop a more humane, environmentally-friendly, and socially balanced form of global capitalism. The rich and powerful has been using the WTO and other international and national institutes to promote their economic goals, which includes political and cultural dimensions too, but the poor can use the same platform to improve the quality of their lives. I understand what Chossudovsky means when he criticises the hi-jacking of the people’s movements through international organisations that fund anti-globalisation movements. Nevertheless, the same system can be used to benefit the disempowered through using current technologies and marketing strategies to let the world know social injustice and to help society change itself. Instead of stopping globalisation, the disenfranchised because of it should also use it to advocate and support fair and benevolent capitalism. Hence, Chossudovsky is wrong to think that globalisation itself is wrong because people can use it to do great noble things that will empower the poor and minority

East Asia Past and Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

East Asia Past and Present - Essay Example The membership has expanded to ten countries that include Laos, Burma, Cambodia, Brunei and Vietnam. East Asia had experienced decades of internal conflicts and economic depression, but the formation of ASEAN enabled sub-regional cooperation and trade liberalization (Borthwick 71). The main three pillars include economic growth and cooperation, social progress, and political-security. The model of security and stability in the region attained high success and ASEAN started playing a major security role in even beyond Southeast Asia. The security matters in Southeast Asian countries encompass various political, economic, social, cultural and military dimensions and ASEAN has utilized regional cooperation in order to further peaceful external environment and allow the member states to concentrate on their domestic development priorities (Borthwick 29). ASEAN was a focus of rivalry and competition between the US and Soviet Union, but ASEAN preferred regional solutions by declaring the r egion as a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality in 1995 (Holcombe 241). ASEAN rise to greater importance in East Asia affairs has been facilitated by the ASEAN Free Trade Area that aims at enhancing the competitive advantage of local manufacturing. The region has signed free trade agreements with China, Japan, Australia and India that aim boosting economic growth in the community. The free trade agreements have led to consistent growth in member states GDP by between 4 percent to 7 percent since the end of Cold War. The region has benefited from technology transfer and e-commerce evolution since member states like Malaysia and Singapore account for more than 50 percent of e-commerce transactions in the entire region (Borthwick 81). The economic community is committed to equitable economic development and integration with the global economy as demonstrated by the consistent reduction in import duties (Borthwick 112). ASEAN member states

My Grandmothers Bedroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

My Grandmothers Bedroom - Essay Example One could not fail to notice the jasmine smell and the sweet scent of flowers that was right in front of her balcony. My grandmother had planted a lot of Chinese plants which she had valued them as medicinal through their good scent. Her green stripped door always reminded me of her favorite colors which he had grown fond of since childhood. The doorknob to the bedroom is aluminum plated one, which when touched, sends shivers down your spine as it is always cold. In opening her door, no one could fail to notice the sultry scent that passed through one's nostrils. The place had poor lighting as all the windows had been locked; hence one had to grapple with the main light switch at the right-hand side of the entrance so as to have light. Getting the switch is not an easy task too as your eyes maneuver through the dark lit room. After finding it, one always made a sign of relief as the place is just creepy. The first thing one always notices after switching on the lights in the bedroom is an old black sewing machine positioned in the center of the room. The machine has never been used for over 10 years and as far as I can remember, my mother ever told me that it was the best gift which my grandfather gave to her when they got married. One could not fail to notice how dusty it looked. Furthermore, on the furthest corner of the room, an old hanging clock existed. Though old, it still functioned. Dusty and hanging clumsily on the wall, no one could notice that the wall clock had been there for the past 20 years. Next, to it, there were three pictures, one for my grandmother, one for my grandmother and a picture of Virgin Mary. My grandmother was a Catholic and one could not fail to notice a rosary hang next to Virgin Mary’s portrait. This came as a surprise as most Chinese do not actually believe in Religion.

Internet security Essay Example for Free

Internet security Essay These websites are MySpace and Facebook which are all popular for the users because they are social network group. When people give information about them self online, they make it easier for hackers to find people offline. So people should think carefully about who they give out their address to, what their phone number is or which school / job they go to. What potential security issues could this access cause? The potential security issue caused are that they can see people details which may include their full name, date of birth, address and even their bank account. When hackers steal information about the person they often target steal money of that person. For example if the hacker gets enough details about the person, the hacker may be able to apply for credit card or a loan the name of the owner. After the hackers have taken off with the money, this could result to the person left with bill and bad credit rating. Another example is, a person is a planning a party and post details on his MySpace page which includes his address. On the day, a stranger shows up uninvited, gatecrashes the party and destroys his house. This could happen when person gives full details about themselves online. Which law is in place in the UK to enforce how personal data is used? The current UK legislation covering data held about living individual people is the data protection 1998. This Act is a law designed protect people privacy so that data cannot be misuse. Organisations that stores personal data must take by certain rules: They must protect the data from unauthorised access. -they must not pass on the data to other organisations without the individuals permission. The data they hold must be accurate and up to date, and must not be held for longer than needed. What must a site like www. hsbc. co. uk do to comply with this law? HSBC must comply with the law data person act 1998 such as they keep personal details secure, in all circumstances. This means that organisations cannot use the data people give to them and used it for themselves. For e. g. a member of HSBC send an email to them. The company cannot use email but replying to person who bellowing to. By what methods could a hacker infiltrate a commercial web site like www.hsbc. co. uk? Hacker can infiltrate HSBC website by using other people user name as they have their information. Hacker can send key locker to users by email which is a program that tracks what users do on their computer. E. g. when users log into their HSBC website account this will automatically transfers to the hackers computer with all bank details of the users. How can websites minimise security risks to their users and data? Before Companies design websites they have to make sure that their computers system is install security software. Which prevent hackers accessing the pc network so that they cannot steal peoples data such as credit cards. Firewall: Helps to keep computer more secure. It restricts information that comes to company pc, from other pc users by network. This will give company pc more control over data on their pc and providing a line of defence against hackers or unwanted software that try to connect to companies pc by network and stealing data. The company should use a strong password on their network so that hackers cannot easily guess the password. The companies need use encrypted which is a way of making data unreadable to expect the receiver. What can users do to minimise security risks when online? Users should use software protections before going online to prevent attacks from hackers or unwanted viruses which could result the PC stop responding. Antivirus: Is a software helps protect users against viruses. Anti virus scan hidden viruses in an email messenger or web page which could damage the computer system. Anti virus helps disable the virus and prevent it from damaging users computer. So that users can surf the website safely without worrying about fraud or being attack by viruses or other threats. Spyware: Is software that hides itself somewhere on pc users collecting information about users and what they do on the internet. Users can remove spyware by installing software like Adware that will scan users pc can remove the unwanted spyware. Firewall: Is software that prevents unauthorised come into users network. So that cannot steal people privacy. Unit 21: Website Production and Management Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our AS and A Level Computer Science section. Download this essay Print Save Not the one?

A horseshoe magnet

A horseshoe magnet A-1 Horseshoe magnet red silver iron A horseshoe magnet (A-1) has a north and south pole. If a piece of carbon steel contacts both poles, a magnetic circuit is created. In an electromagnetic brake, the north and south pole is created by a coil shell and a wound coil. In a brake, the armature is being pulled against the brake field. (A-3) The frictional contact, which is being controlled by the strength of the magnetic field, is what causes the rotational motion to stop. All of the torque comes from the magnetic attraction and coefficient of friction between the steel of the armature and the steel of the brake field. For many industrial brakes, friction material is used between the poles. The material is mainly used to help decrease the wear rate. But different types of material can also be used to change the coefficient of friction (torque) for special applications. For example, if the brake was required to have an extended time to stop or slip time, a low coefficient material can be used. Conversely, if the brake was r equired to have a slightly higher torque (mostly for low RPM applications), a high coefficient friction material could be used.[1] In a brake, the electromagnetic lines of flux have to attract and pull the armature in contact with it to complete brake engagement. Most industrial applications use what is called a single-flux two-pole brake. The coil shell is made with carbon steel that has a combination of good strength and good magnetic properties. Copper (sometimes aluminum) magnet wire, is used to create the coil, which is held in shell either by a bobbin or by some type of epoxy/adhesive.[2] To help increase life in applications, friction material is used between the poles. This friction material is flush with the steel on the coil shell, since if the friction material was not flush, good magnetic traction could not occur between the faces. Some people look at electromagnetic brakes and mistakenly assume that, since the friction material is flush with the steel, that the brake has already worn down, but this is not the case.[3] [edit] Basic Operation There are three parts to an electrmagnetic brake: field, armature, and hub (which is the input on a brake) (B-2). Usually the magnetic field is bolted to the machine frame (or uses a torque arm that can handle the torque of the brake). So when the armature is attracted to the field the stopping torque is transferred into the field housing and into the machine frame decelerating the load. This can happen very fast (.1-3sec). Disengagement is very simple. Once the field starts to degrade flux falls rapidly and the armature separates. A spring(s) hold the armature away from its corresponding contact surface at a predetermined air gap.[4] V-1 Right hand thumb rule If a piece of copper wire was wound, around the nail and then connected to a battery, it would create an electro magnet. The magnetic field that is generated in the wire, from the current, is known as the right hand thumb rule. (V-1) The strength of the magnetic field can be changed by changing both wire size and the amount of wire (turns). EM clutches are similar; they use a copper wire coil (sometimes aluminum) to create a magnetic field. The fields of EM brakes can be made to operate at almost any DC voltage and the torque produced by the brake will be the same as long as the correct operating voltage and current is used with the correct brake. If a 90 volt brake had 48 volts applied to it, this would get about half of the correct torque output of that brake. This is because voltage/current is almost linear to torque in DC electromagnetic brakes. A constant current power supply is ideal for accurate and maximum torque from a brake. If a non regulated power supply is used the magnetic flux will degrade as the resistance of the coil goes up. Basically, the hotter the coil gets the lower the torque will be produced by about an average of 8% for every 20Â °C. If the temperature is fairly constant, and there is a question of enough service factor in the design for minor temperature fluctuation, by slightly over sizing the brake can compensate for degradation. This will allow the use of a rectified power supply, which is far less expensive than a constant current supply. Based on V = I R, as resistance increases available current falls. An increase in resistance, often results from rising temperature as the coil heats up, according to: Rf = Ri [1 + aCu (Tf Ti)] Where Rf = final resistance, Ri = initial resistance, aCu = copper wires temperature coefficient of resistance, 0.0039 Â °C-1, Tf = final temperature, and Ti = initial temperature. [edit] Engagement Time There are actually two engagement times to consider in an electromagnetic brake. The first one is the time it takes for a coil to develop a magnetic field, strong enough to pull in an armature. Within this, there are two factors to consider. The first one is the amount of ampere turns in a coil, which will determine the strength of a magnetic field. The second one is air gap, which is the space between the armature and the coil shell. Magnetic lines of flux diminish quickly in the air. The further away the attractive piece is from the coil, the longer it will take for that piece to actually develop enough magnetic force to be attracted and pull in to overcome the air gap. For very high cycle applications, floating armatures can be used that rest lightly against the coil shell. In this case, the air gap is zero; but, more importantly the response time is very consistent since there is no air gap to overcome. Air gap is an important consideration especially with a fixed armature design because as the unit wears over many cycles of engagement the armature and the coil shell will create a larger air gap which will change the engagement time of the brakes. In high cycle applications, where registration is important, even the difference of 10 to 15 milliseconds can make a difference, in registration of a machine. Even in a normal cycle application, this is important because a new machine that has accurate timing can eventually see a drift in its accuracy as the machine gets older. The second factor in figuring out response time of a brake is actually much more important than the magnet wire or the air gap. It involves calculating the amount of inertia that the brake needs to decelerate. This is referred to as time to stop. In reality, this is what the end-user is most concerned with. Once it is known how much inertia is present for the brake to stop then the torque can be calculated and the appropriate size of brake can be chosen. Most CAD systems can automatically calculate component inertia, but the key to sizing a brake is calculating how much inertial is reflected back to the brake. To do this, engineers use the formula: T = (WK2 ?N) / (308 t) Where T = required torque in lb-ft, WK2 = total inertia in lb-ft2, ?N = change in the rotational speed in rpm, and t = time during which the acceleration or deceleration must take place. Inertia Calculator There are also online sites that can help confirm how much torque is required to decelerate a given amount of inertia over a specific time. Remember to make sure that the torque chosen, for the brake, should be after the brake has been burnished. [edit] Burnishing What Is It and Why Is It Important? Burnishing is the wearing or mating of opposing surfaces. When the armature and brake faces are produced, the faces are machined as flat as possible. (Some manufacturers also lightly grind the faces to get them smoother.) But even with that the machining process leaves peaks and valleys on the surface of the steel. When a new out of the box brake is initially engaged most peaks on both mating surfaces touch which means that the potential contact area can be significantly reduced. In some cases, an out of box brake may have only 50% of its torque rating. Burnishing is the process of cycling the brake to wear down those initial peaks, so that there is more surface contact between the mating faces Even though burnishing is required to get full torque out of the brake it may not be required in all applications. Simply put, if the application torque is lower than the initial out of box torque of the brake, burnishing would not be required; however, if the torque required is higher, then burnishing needs to be done. In general this tends to be required more on higher torque brakes than on smaller lower torque brakes. The process involves cycling the brake a number of times at a lower inertia, lower speed or a combination of both. Burnishing can require from 20 to over 100 cycles depending upon the size of a brake and the amount of initial torque required. For bearing mounted brakes where the rotor and armature is connected and held in place via a bearing, burnishing does not have to take place on the machine. It can be done individually on a bench or as a group at a burnishing station. Two piece brakes that have separate armatures should try to have the burnishing done on the machine verses a bench. The reason for this is if burnishing on a two piece brake is done on a bench and there is a shift in the mounting tolerance when that brake is mounted to the machine the alignment could be shifted so the burnishing lines on the armature, rotor or brake face may be off slightly preventing that brake from achieving full torque. Again, the difference is only slight so this would only be required in a ver y torque sensitive application. [edit] Torque Burnishing can affect initial torque of a brake but there are also factors that affect the torque performance of a brake in an application. The main one is voltage/current. In the voltage/current section we showed why a constant current supply is important to get full torque out of the brake. When considering torque, the question of using dynamic or static torque for the application is key? For example, if running a machine at relatively low rpm (5 50 depending upon size) there is minimal concern with dynamic torque since the static torque rating of the brake will come closest to where it is running. However, when running a machine at 3,000rpm and applying the brake at its catalog torque, at that rpm, is misleading. Almost all manufacturers put the static rated torque for their brakes in their catalog. So, when trying to determine a specific response rate for a particular brake, the dynamic torque rating is needed. In many cases this can be significantly lower. It can be less than half of the static torque rating. Most manufacturers publish torque curves showing the relationship between dynamic and static torque for a given series of brake. Electromagnetic-Power-Off-Brake Over excitation is used to achieve a faster response time. Its when a coil momentarily receives a higher voltage then its nominal rating. To be effective the over excitation voltage must be significantly, but not to the point of diminishing returns, higher than the normal coil voltage. Three times the voltage typically gives around 1/3 faster response. Fifteen times the normal coil voltage will produce a 3 times faster response time. With over excitation the in rush voltage is momentary. Although it would depend upon the size of the coil the actual time is usually only a few milliseconds. The theory is, for the coil to generate as much of a magnetic field as quickly as possible to attract the armature and start the process of deceleration. Once the over excitation is no longer required the power supply to the brake would return to its normal operating voltage. This process can be repeated a number of times as long as the high voltage does not stay in the coil long enough to cause the coil wire to overheat. [edit] Wear It is very rare that a coil would just stop working in an electromagnetic brake. Typically if a coil fails it is usually due to heat which has caused the insulation of the coil wire to break down. That heat can be caused by high ambient temperature, high cycle rates, slipping or applying too high of a voltage. Most brakes are flanged mounted and have bearings but some brakes are bearing mounted and like the coils, unless bearings are stressed beyond their physical limitations or become contaminated, they tend to have a long life and they are usually the second item to wear out. The main wear in electromagnetic brakes occurs on the faces of the mating surfaces. Every time a brake is engaged during rotation a certain amount of energy is transferred as heat. The transfer, which occurs during rotation, wears both the armature and the opposing contact surface. Based upon the size of the brake, the speed and the inertia, wear rates will differ. With a fixed armature design a brake will eventually simply cease to engage. This is because the air gap will eventually become too large for the magnetic field to overcome. Zero gap or auto wear armatures can wear to the point of less than one half of its original thickness, which will eventually cause missed engagements. [edit] Backlash Some applications require very tight precision between all components. In these applications even a degree of movement between the input and the output when a brake is engaged can be a problem. This is true in many robotic applications. Sometimes the design engineers will order brakes with zero backlash but then key them to the shafts so although the brake will have zero backlash theres still minimal movement occurring between the hub or rotor in the shaft. Most applications, however, do not need true zero backlash and can use a spline type connection. Some of these connections between the armature and the hub are standard splines others are hex or square hub designs. The spline will have the best initial backlash tolerance. Typically less than 2 degrees but the spline and the other connection types can wear over time and the tolerances will increase. [edit] Environment / Contamination As brakes wear they create wear particles. In some applications such as clean rooms or food handling this dust could be a contamination problem so in these applications the brake should be enclosed to prevent the particles from contaminating other surfaces around it. But a more likely scenario is that the brake has a better chance of getting contaminated from its environment. Obviously oil or grease should be kept away from the contact surface because they would significantly reduce the coefficient of friction which could drastically decrease the torque potentially causing failure. Oil midst or lubricated particles can also cause surface contamination. Sometimes paper dust or other contamination can fall in between the contact surfaces. This can also result in a lost of torque. If a known source of contamination is going to be present many clutch manufactures offer contamination shields that prevent material from falling in between the contact surfaces. In brakes that have not been used in a while rust can develop on the surfaces. But in general this is normally not a major concern since the rust is worn off within a few cycles and there is no lasting impact on the torque. [edit] Other Types of Electromagnetic Brakes Electormagnetic Power Off Brake Spring Set Introduction Power off brakes stop or hold a load when electrical power is either accidentally lost or intentionally disconnected. In the past, some companies have referred to these as fail safe brakes. These brakes are typically used on or near an electric motor. Typical applications include robotics, holding brakes for Z axis ball screws and servo motor brakes. Brakes are available in multiple voltages and can have either standard backlash or zero backlash hubs. Multiple disks can also be used to increase brake torque, without increasing brake diameter. There are 2 main types of holding brakes. The first is spring applied brakes. The second is permanent magnet brakes. How It Works Spring Type When no electricity is applied to the brake, a spring pushes against a pressure plate, squeezing the friction disk between the inner pressure plate and the outer cover plate. This frictional clamping force is transferred to the hub, which is mounted to a shaft. Permanent Magnet Type A permanent magnet holding brake looks very similar to a standard power applied electromagnetic brake. Instead of squeezing a friction disk, via springs, it uses permanent magnets to attract a single face armature. When the brake is engaged, the permanent magnets create magnetic lines of flux, which can turn attract the armature to the brake housing. To disengage the brake, power is applied to the coil which sets up an alternate magnetic field that cancels out the magnetic flux of the permanent magnets. Both power off brakes are considered to be engaged when no power is applied to them. They are typically required to hold or to stop alone in the event of a loss of power or when power is not available in a machine circuit. Permanent magnet brakes have a very high torque for their size, but also require a constant current control to offset the permanent magnetic field. Spring applied brakes do not require a constant current control, they can use a simple rectifier, but are larger in diameter or would need stacked friction disks to increase the torque. [edit] Electromagnetic Particle Brake Magnetic Particle Brake Introduction Magnetic particle brakes are unique in their design from other electro-mechanical brakes because of the wide operating torque range available. Like an electro-mechanical brake, torque to voltage is almost linear; however, in a magnetic particle brake, torque can be controlled very accurately (within the operating RPM range of the unit). This makes these units ideally suited for tension control applications, such as wire winding, foil, film, and tape tension control. Because of their fast response, they can also be used in high cycle applications, such as magnetic card readers, sorting machines and labeling equipment. How It Works Magnetic particles (very similar to iron filings) are located in the powder cavity. When electricity is applied to the coil, the resulting magnetic flux tries to bind the particles together, almost like a magnetic particle slush. As the electric current is increased, the binding of the particles becomes stronger. The brake rotor passes through these bound particles. The output of the housing is rigidly attached to some portion of the machine. As the particles start to bind together, a resistant force is created on the rotor, slowing, and eventually stopping the output shaft. When electricity is removed from the brake, the input is free to turn with the shaft. Since magnetic particle powder is in the cavity, all magnetic particle units have some type of minimum drag associated with them. [edit] Electromagnetic Hysteresis Power Brake Electomagnetic Hysteresis Power Brake Introduction Electrical hysteresis units have an extremely wide torque range. Since these units can be controlled remotely, they are ideal for test stand applications where varying torque is required. Since drag torque is minimal, these units offer the widest available torque range of any of the hysteresis products. Most applications involving powered hysteresis units are in test stand requirements. How It Works When electricity is applied to the field, it creates an internal magnetic flux. That flux is then transferred into a hysteresis disk passing through the field. The hysteresis disk is attached to the brake shaft. A magnetic drag on the hysteresis disk allows for a constant drag, or eventual stoppage of the output shaft. When electricity is removed from the brake, the hysteresis disk is free to turn, and no relative force is transmitted between either member. Therefore, the only torque seen between the input and the output is bearing drag. [edit] Multiple Disk Brakes Electromagnetic Multiple Disk Brake Introduction Multiple disk brakes are used to deliver extremely high torque within a small space. These brakes can be used either wet or dry, which makes them ideal to run in multi speed gear box applications, machine tool applications, or in off road equipment. How It Works Electro-mechanical disk brakes operate via electrical actuation, but transmit torque mechanically. When electricity is applied to the coil of an electromagnet, the magnetic flux attracts the armature to the face of the brake. As it does so, it squeezes the inner and outer friction disks together. The hub is normally mounted on the shaft that is rotating. The brake housing is mounted solidly to the machine frame. As the disks are squeezed, torque is transmitted from the hub into the machine frame, stopping and holding the shaft. When electricity is removed from the brake, the armature is free to turn with the shaft. Springs keep the friction disk and armature away from each other. There is no contact between breaking surfaces and minimal drag. Architecture of an Electromechanical Braking System General architecture of an electromechanical braking (EMB) system in a drive-by-wire car is shown in Fig. 1. The system mainly comprises five types of elements: Processors including an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and other local processors Memory (mainly integrated into the ECU) Sensors Actuators Communication network(s). Once the driver inputs a brake command to the system via a human-machine interface HMI (e.g. the brake pedal), four independent brake commands are generated by the ECU based on high level brake functions such as anti-lock braking system (ABS) or vehicle stability control (VSC). These command signals are sent to the four electric calipers (e-calipers) via a communication network. As this network might not be able to properly communicate with the e-calipers due to network faults, HMI sensory data are also directly transmitted to each e-caliper via a separate data bus. In each e-caliper a controller uses the brake command (received from ECU) as a reference input. The controller provides drive control commands for a power control module. This module controls three phase drive currents for the brake actuator which is a permanent magnet DC motor, energised by 42V sources. In addition to tracking its reference brake command, the caliper controller also controls the position and speed of the brake actuator. Thus, two sensors are vitally required to measure the position and speed of the actuator in each e-caliper. Because of the safety critical nature of the application, even missing a limited number of samples of these sensory data should be compensated for. [edit] Voting A brake-by-wire system, by nature, is a safety critical system and therefore fault tolerance is a vitally important characteristic of this system. As a result, a brake-by-wire system is designed in such way that many of its essential information would be derived from a variety of sources (sensors) and be handled by more than the bare necessity hardware. Three main types of redundancy usually exist in a brake-by-wire system: Redundant sensors in safety critical components such as the brake pedal. Redundant copies of some signals that are of particular safety importance such as displacement and force measurements of the brake pedal copied by multiple processors in the pedal interface unit. Redundant hardware to perform important processing tasks such as multiple processors for the electronic control unit (ECU) in Fig. 1. In order to utilize the existing redundancy, voting algorithms need to be evaluated, modified and adopted to meet the stringent requirements of a brake-by-wire system. Reliability, fault tolerance and accuracy are the main targeted outcomes of the voting techniques that should be developed especially for redundancy resolution inside a brake-by-wire system. Example of a solution for this problem: A fuzzy voter developed to fuse the information provided by three sensors devised in a brake pedal design. [edit] Missing data compensation In a by-wire car, some sensors are safety-critical components, and their failure will disrupt the vehicle function and endanger human lives. Two examples are the brake pedal sensors and the wheel speed sensors. The electronic control unit must always be informed of the drivers intentions to brake or to stop the vehicle. Therefore, missing the pedal sensor data is a serious problem for functionality of the vehicle control system. Wheel speed data are also vital in a brake-by-wire system to avoid skidding. The design of a by-wire car should provide safeguards against missing some of the data samples provided by the safety-critical sensors. Popular solutions are to provide redundant sensors and to apply a fail-safe mechanism. In addition to a complete sensor loss, the electronic control unit may also suffer an intermittent (temporary) data loss. For example, sensor data can sometimes fail to reach the electronic control unit. This may happen due to a temporary problem with the sensor it self or with the data transmission path. It may also result from an instantaneous short circuit or disconnection, a communication network fault, or a sudden increase in noise. In such cases, for a safe operation, the system has to be compensated for missing data samples. Example of a solution for this problem: Missing data compensation by a predictive filter. [edit] Accurate estimation of position and speed of brake actuators in the e-calipers The caliper controller controls the position and speed of the brake actuator (besides its main task which is tracking of its reference brake command). Thus, position and speed sensors are vitally required in each e-caliper and an efficient design of a measurement mechanism to sense the position and speed of the actuator is required. Recent designs for brake-by-wire systems use resolvers to provide accurate and continuous measurements for both absolute position and speed of the rotor of the actuators. Incremental encoders are relative position sensors and their additive error needs to be calibrated or compensated for by different methods. Unlike the encoders, resolvers provide two output signals that always allow the detection of absolute angular position. In addition, they suppress common mode noise and are especially useful in a noisy environment. Because of these reasons, resolvers are usually applied for the purpose of position and speed measurement in brake-by-wire systems. Howev er, nonlinear and robust observers are required to extract accurate position and speed estimates from the sinusoidal signals provided by resolvers. Example of a solution for this problem: A hybrid resolver-to-digital conversion scheme with guaranteed robust stability and automatic calibration of the resolvers used in an EMB system. [edit] Measurement and/or estimation of clamp force in the electromechanical calipers A clamp force sensor is a relatively expensive component in an EMB caliper. The cost is derived from its high unit value from a supplier, as well as marked production expenses because of its inclusion. The later emanates from the complex assembly procedures dealing with small tolerances, as well as on-line calibration for performance variability from one clamp force sensor to another. The successful use of a clamp force sensor in an EMB system poses a challenging engineering task. If a clamp force sensor is placed close to a brake pad, then it will be subjected to severe temperature conditions reaching up to 800 degrees Celsius that will challenge its mechanical integrity. Also temperature drifts must be compensated for. This situation can be avoided by embedding a clamp force sensor deep within the caliper. However, embedding this sensor leads to hysteresis that is influenced by friction between the clamp force sensor and the point of contact of an inner pad with the rotor. This hys teresis prevents a true clamp force to be measured. Due to the cost issues and engineering challenges involved with including the clamp force sensor, it might be desirable to eliminate this component from the EMB system. A potential opportunity to achieve this presents itself in accurate estimation of the clamp force based on alternative EMB system sensory measurements leading to the omission of a clamp force sensor. Example of a solution for this problem: Clamp force estimation from actuator position and current measurements using sensor data fusion. A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength and/or direction of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the instrument. Magnetism varies from place to place and differences in Earths magnetic field (the magnetosphere) can be caused by the differing nature of rocks and the interaction between charged particles from the Sun and the magnetosphere of a planet. Magnetometers are often a frequent component instrument on spacecraft that explore planets. [edit] Uses Magnetometers are used in ground-based electromagnetic geophysical surveys (such as magnetotellurics) to assist with detecting mineralization and corresponding geological structures. Airborne geophysical surveys use magnetometers that can detect magnetic field variations caused by mineralization, using airplanes like the Shrike Commander.[1] Magnetometers are also used to detect archaeological sites, shipwrecks and other buried or submerged objects, and in metal detectors to detect metal objects, such as guns in security screening. Magnetic anomaly detectors detect submarines for military purposes. They are used in directional drilling for oil or gas to detect the azimuth of the drilling tools near the drill bit. They are most often paired up with accelerometers in drilling tools so that both the inclination and azimuth of the drill bit can be found. Magnetometers are very sensitive, and can give an indication of possible auroral activity before one can see the light from the aurora. A grid of magnetometers around the world constantly measures the effect of the solar wind on the Earths magnetic field, which is published on the K-index.[2] A three-axis fluxgate magnetometer was part of the Mariner 2 and Mariner 10 missions.[3] A dual technique Magnetometer is part of the Cassini-Huygens mission to explore Saturn.[4] This system is composed of a vector helium and fluxgate magnetometers.[5] Magnetometers are also a component instrument on the Mercury MESSENGER mission. A magnetometer can also be used by satellites like GOES to measure both the magnitude and direction of a planets or moons magnetic field. Further information: Spacecraft magnetometer [edit] Mobile phones Magnetometers are appearing in mobile phones. The Apple iPhone 3GS has a magnetometer and comes with a compass app for showing direction. It can also reorient maps to show the direction youre facing.[6] [edit] Types Magnetometers can be divided into two basic types: Scalar magnetometers measure the total strength of the magnetic field to which they are subjected, and Vector magnetometers have the capability to measure the component of the magnetic field in a particular direction, relative to the spatial orientation of the device. The use of three orthogonal vector magnetometers allows the magnetic field strength, inclination and declination to be uniquely defined. Examples of vector magnetometers are fluxgates, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), and the atomic SERF magnetometer. Some scalar magnetometers are discuss