Essay --

Linguistic profiling is the auditory form of racial discrimination by making judgment solely based on the way a person speaks and sounds. This type of racial discrimination has been detected in regards to housing, job opportunities and the criminal law. The effects of linguistic profiling is detrimental to individuals who are perceived as having an undesirable accent. These perceptions often lead to stereotypical misconceptions that society has created or attached to a certain race group. Dr. John Baugh, a professor of linguistics from Stanford University of California, was the inventor of this term. He conducted an experiment to examine the reaction of Americans to different accents. He calls properties that are advertised for rent and uses different accents. He uses an African American accent, a Latino accent and finally a neutral American accent. During these calls there was no mention of job history, qualifications, credit scores or educational background. His findings concluded that the minority dialects inquiries were often disregarded particularly in the affluent communities. Many times the researchers determined that those with the minority accent were often told by the property managers that there were no Ladesh 2 vacancies, but openings were available to those who spoke in a Standard English accent. â€Å"Those who sound white get the appointment,† Baugh says. â€Å"When challenged in lawsuits, many businesses deny that they can determine race or ethnicity over the phone. However, Baugh’s ongoing study shows that over the phone many Americans are able to accurately guess the age, race, sex, ethnicity, region of heritage and other social demographics based on a few sentences, even just a hello.† (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.) Baugh ... ... confused and even shocked. That is when John realized that when he spoke to them on the phone he used his professional voice and often he was criticized for â€Å"sounding white†. That’s when he made the discovery that they were shocked because they expected him to be white. In fact, four agents told him the properties were no longer available. This whole idea of linguistic profiling encompasses steering, redlining, and overall racial discrimination towards individuals based on their personal characteristics. The assumptions and preconceived notions, the stereotypical associations are what is keeping racism alive. The way Ladesh 7 in which we talk shouldn’t be a negative, but in fact should be embraced by our cultural differences. The content of our words can be debated and questioned, but the way we sound when we speak these words should not.

The Financial Crisis of 2008

This paper explores the factors, which caused the recent financial crisis of 2008. Furthermore this paper will explain how the Federal Reserve’s (Fed) monetary policies and the Federal Government’s fiscal policies are crucial in limiting and perhaps eliminating future catastrophes.The Financial Crisis of 2008Factors and PreventionThe financial crisis of 2008 is widely considered the worst financial crisis, since the Great Depression (Pendrey, 2009). The repercussions of the crisis were mind-boggling, and unfortunately for many, it was life altering. Families lost their houses, their jobs, and in many cases, they lost their entire life savings. Furthermore, neither businesses nor banks escaped the massacre. The financial crisis not only devastated the United States, it also had far reaching worldwide consequences. The global economy suffered, as a result of what was happening here.The devastation was so severe, that the economy has yet to fully recover. To make matters e ven more frustrating, Sewell Chan of the New York Times explained, â€Å"The 2008 financial crisis was an â€Å"avoidable† disaster caused by widespread failures in government regulation, corporate mismanagement and heedless risk-taking by Wall Street†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2011). This paper will attempt to discuss the factors, which led to the crisis, and perhaps more importantly, attempt to provide courses of action, which would prevent similar incidents in the future.DiscussionIn the years that led up to the financial crisis, seemingly everyone who could fog a mirror could get a home loan. These loans were often much more than the borrower could ever possibly afford to pay back. The government commission, which investigated the crisis, believes one of the main factors causing the financial crisis was the Federal Reserve’s and other regulators  failure to recognize the poisonous combination of careless mortgage loans, in addition to the packaging and sale of loans to inve stors and risky bets on securities backed by the subprime loans (Chan, 2011).The previous statements are best summarized, when Leon Hadar, a research fellow in foreign policy studies, opines in his Cato Institute commentary, â€Å"The housing boom and bust that precipitated the crisis were facilitated by extremely loose monetary policy.† (2009).Faulty monetary policies are not alone in the blame, however. The Federal Government’s shoddy fiscal policy also played a role. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, also known as the Financial Modernization Act of 1999, repealed the injunction on the collaboration between investment and commercial banking established by the New Deal-era Glass-Steagall Act’s of 1932 and 1933. According to Hadar, this policy also proved dreadful. He states the Act, â€Å"†¦caused the crisis by clearing the way for investment and commercial banks to merge, and thus giving investment banks the incentive to take greater risks, while reducing the amount of equity they are required to hold against any given dollar of assets.† (2009).Not surprisingly, the incompetency and, in some cases, illegal actions of corporate management, in addition to Wall Street’s propensity to risk, also contributed to the 2008 financial meltdown. The US government’s official report, on the financial crisis, concluded, â€Å"several financial industry figures may have broken the law in the run-up to the crisis.† (Rushe, 2011). Furthermore, risk taking is an every day occurrence with Wall Street. Charles Ferguson pulls no punches with respect to Wall Street’s share of the blame, in an online article.The article titled â€Å"Heist of the century: Wall Street’s roll in the financial crisis† orates, â€Å"It is no exaggeration to say that since the 1980s, much of the global financial sector has become criminalised, creating an industry culture that tolerates or even encourages systematic fraud. The behavio ur that caused the mortgage bubble and financial crisis of 2008 was a natural outcome and continuation of this pattern, rather than some kind of economic accident.† (2012). SolutionWith the previous factors given, one might wonder how to prevent another  financial crisis from occurring. Costas Markides provides a very reasonable thesis in my opinion. In a Bloomberg.com blog, which addresses actions needed to avoid the next predicament, Markides contemplates, â€Å"If you want to change how people behave, don’t tell them. Instead, change the underlying environment that produced their â€Å"bad† behavior in the first place.† (2012). In other words, it is human nature to demand punishment and thereby obtaining a sense of instant gratification. To prevent future financial calamities, however, it is wise to address the underlying causes and understand what went wrong.Although there can never be a hundred percent solution to managing the national economy to su ch an extent that there will never be another crisis, the needed adjustments seem to lay at the feet of the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy and the Federal Government’s fiscal policy. The Fed addressed one major cause of the financial crisis by implementing much needed regulations regarding mortgage loans and requiring proof of borrowers ability to pay the loan back (Warner, 2013).The Government, on the other hand, initiated mass government spending in order to stimulate the economy. Both the Fed and the Federal Government need to tighten regulations, but perhaps more importantly, they need to act more quickly and decisively to limit, or even more optimistically, prevent the next financial crisis. Mark Thoma of CBS best summarized this point by stating, â€Å"This disaster could have been prevented by a strong regulatory response, but the belief that markets would self-regulate†¦ led to a regulatory hands-off approach†¦ The hands-off regulatory approach wa s a mistake.† (2009).SummaryIn summary, it is clear that the financial crisis of 2008 was caused by errant monetary and fiscal policies. Furthermore, there was a delayed reaction by both the Fed and the Federal Government, which was caused by a hands-off regulatory approach. In the future, the Fed and the Federal Government need to act more decisively and promptly to better steer the economy away from a downward trending economy. Both the monetary and fiscal policies are vital to the ongoing recovery and future growth of the country’s economy.

Poisoning Planet Earth Pollution and Other Environmental...

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Efforts to improve the standard of living for humans--through the control of nature and the development of new products--have also resulted in the pollution, or contamination, of the environment. Much of the worlds air, water, and land is now partially poisoned by chemical wastes. Some places have become uninhabitable. This pollution exposes people all around the globe to new risks from disease. Many species of plants and animals have become endangered or are now extinct. As a result of these developments, governments have passed laws to limit or reverse the threat of environmental pollution. Ecology and Environmental Deterioration The branch of science that deals with how living things, including†¦show more content†¦Factories sometimes turn waterways into open sewers by dumping oils, toxic chemicals, and other harmful industrial wastes into them. In mining and oil-drilling operations, corrosive acid wastes are poured into the water. In recent years, municipal waste treatment plants have been built to contend with water contamination. Some towns, however, still foul streams by pouring raw sewage into them. Septic tanks and cesspools, used where sewers are not available, may also pollute the groundwater and adjacent streams, sometimes with disease-causing organisms. Even the purified effluent from sewage plants can cause water pollution if it contains high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. Farm fertilizers in some regions fill groundwater with nitrates, making the water unfit to drink. Agricultural runoff containing dangerous pesticides and the oil, grime, and chemicals used to melt ice from c ity streets also pollute waterways. Land and Soil Pollution In order to sustain the continually growing human population, current agricultural methods are designed to maximize yields from croplands. In many areas, the overuse of land results in the erosion of topsoil. This soil erosion, in turn, causes the over-silting or sedimentation of rivers and streams. One answer to the garbage problem is recycling. Some towns have passed ordinances that encourage or require residents toShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Better Earth4696 Words   |  19 Pagesfluids. When symptoms are treated in one area, more pop up in other areas. If this were a usual patient, doctors would be inclined to declare the multiple sicknesses as chronic and terminal. Not knowing what else to do, they would just take steps to make the patient as comfortable as possible until the end came. However, this is not a human patient. It is our home - the earth. 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Definition of air pollution Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well asRead MoreEssay Advantages and Disadvantages Online Business3895 Words   |  16 PagesPeninsular Malaysia. Both companies operate more than 26 batching plants supported by a fleet of 247 mixer trucks. Kuari Pati Sdn Bhd and KUAD Sdn Bhd lead the Aggregates and Premix Division and offer products namely premix and quarry materials and other services. The Group commands a strong market presence with two strategically located plants in the north and center Peninsular Malaysia. 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The Principles Of Reliability And Validity Essay - 928 Words

Introduction If you are looking for scientific proof, then validity and reliability are what you need. In the work by Xie, Huang (2014) they describe the following: The principles of reliability and validity are fundamental cornerstones of the scientific method. Reliability is defined as the extent to which a measure is repeated under ideal conditions. Validity refers to the degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure. Establishing good quality studies need both high reliability and high validity. (p.326). Both of these concepts are worthy of exploration, and understanding them is crucial for evaluating, designing, and performing scientific studies. Reliability Reliability is about consistency. For data to have reliability, it will need stability, internal reliability, and inter-observer reliability. Stability. If a measure does not fluctuate over time, it is considered to have stability. Data collected at one period of time and then collected again at a different period in time will not have a great deal of variability. Stability can be tested by administering a test at one point in time and then re-administering the same test under the same conditions. Internal Reliability Internal reliability. This refers to the scale that is used to measure data. If the scale is consistent, then it is said to have internal reliability. We need to be sure that whatever variation we are measuring is actually produced by the variables, not by theShow MoreRelatedExploring Reliability and Validity765 Words   |  4 PagesExploring Reliability and Validity Lynetric Rivers Liberty University Abstract This paper will focus on the types of reliability and validity used in the Values and Motives Questionnaire. 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External Validity External validity can be defined as the ability of a research designRead MoreThe Ethics And Public Policies1233 Words   |  5 PagesWhen studying personality psychology, a researcher uses theories, methods, and relies heavily on ethics, reliability, and validity. Using the â€Å"LOTS of data† acronym, personality researchers gather information to study people. These include, L-data (life record data), O-data (observation data), T-data (Test data) and S-data (self-report data). (Cervone Pervin, 2013) Each method has strengths and weaknesses. 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The data assembled goes to a panel of assessment when deciding the option that will best fit the interest of the population, or the experiment idea in question. The content of this paper will define, and describe the different types of reliability, and validity. In addition display examples of data collectionRead MoreEssay on validity reliability1475 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY For the statistical consultant working with social science researchers the estimation of reliability and validity is a task frequently encountered. Measurement issues differ in the social sciences in that they are related to the quantification of abstract, intangible and unobservable constructs. In many instances, then, the meaning of quantities is only inferred. Let us begin by a general description of the paradigm that we are dealing with. 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Faulks´ Birdsong Analysis - 839 Words

Within ‘Birdsong’ Faulks uses the character of Stephen as his voice, through which he propounds his horror and perplexity at what is unfolding during the War. Faulks also introduces the idea of a new reality which is experienced by the men in the trenches. Faulks chooses to explore curiosity as a coping mechanism within ‘Birdsong’ through the character of Stephen. Only curiosity is keeping Stephen alive as he states that he would ‘walk into enemy lines and let (himself) be killed’ if he didn’t possess that curiosity. Stephen tells Weir what he is ‘curious to see what’s going to happen’ suggesting that he wants to see how the War will end. Faulks presents Stephen as a character who has a detached curiosity concerning the War; in the same way that he is detached when discussing men’s dead bodies. Faulks’ decision to do this allows us to understand that many men did not like being in the War; they often did not carry on because they felt it was their duty to King and Country. Rather, they (like the character of Stephen) wanted to know ‘what it means’ and why they had to endure what they did. Stephen’s claim that he is ‘deeply curious to see how mu ch further it can be taken’ quashes false notations of pride in fighting, rather it expresses the horror at what they are being forced to do. Faulks, through Stephen, considers how the War could progress. The war section of ‘Birdsong’ is set half way through the War, meaning that it is still to get worse. Stephen speculates the menShow MoreRelated Love Presented in Poems by Wilfred Owen Essay2489 Words   |  10 PagesPresented in Poems by Wilfred Owen Explore how the theme of love is presented in Birdsong and a selection of poems by Wilfred Owen. Loving attitudes, though perhaps not as prominent as themes such as violence and pride, are intimately observed and explored in Sebastian Faulks Birdsong and in many of Wilfred Owens War poems. Each aspect of love, as seen through the eyes of this First World War soldier and Faulks characters, is as interesting as it is diverse, allowing an impervious insight

Tv News vs. Internet News Free Essays

It is hard to believe that just a few years ago, watching TV or reading newspapers were the only ways of gathering news. Nowadays as thanks to the Internet there is one more option, the question whether it is best to rely on television news, or to follow online news emerged. When set beside, those two ways of gathering news seem to be enormously different. We will write a custom essay sample on Tv News vs. Internet News or any similar topic only for you Order Now The biggest difference between online news and television news is the access to information. While watching news on TV, we are dependent on broadcast schedule of any TV station. By contrast, there is no schedule involved in following online news. The access to information is constant and it is the user’s choice when to follow the news. Secondly, compared to television news, the amount of online information seems to be much more greater. While on TV only the most important pieces of everyday news are broadcast, the Internet offers basically unlimited amount of information concerning every branch of science and all fields of life. Nevertheless, the quality of television news still remains much more higher, as online articles are often anonymous or unverified. Last but not least, unlike television news, following online news gives the reader the possibility of commenting on any given article. While watching television news, the receiver only gathers the news, whereas the online news follower may participate in live â€Å"debate† and express his view on every piece of news presented. To sum up, there are many differences between television news and online news, such as the access to information, the quality of news, or the receiver’s participation. While online news seems to be more available and gives the receiver the chance to comment, the television news still remains more reliable. It is up to the receiver to choose what is more important to him. How to cite Tv News vs. Internet News, Papers

Principles of Lender Liability Management

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Lender Liability Management. Answer: Introduction: Auditing is a process that involves the examination of various accounts of an organization. There are different kinds of accounts in an organization. It is very natural that there can be mistakes in some of toes accounts that can be occurred at the time of formulating those accounts (Louwers et al. 2013). It is the responsibility of the auditors to detect the material misstatements in the accounts of the company so that the annual report of the organization is true and fair. The given case study states that Impulse Private Limited, widely known as Impulse, is an entertainment system manufacturer that was established in the year of 2005. From the very first day of the company, King and Queen have been performing the audit operations of the company. It can be said that there is a good relation between Impulse and King and Queen. As per the given case study, King and Queen have examined the business accounts of Impulse and they have given the unqualified audit report to the company. The auditors issue the unqualified audit report when they find that there is not any kind of material misstatement in the financial accounts of the organization; and the company has been formulated by complying all the rules and regulations of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) (Czerney, Schmidt and Thompson 2014). On the contrary, the qualified audit report of the auditors states that there the accounts of a business organization are nor free from material misstatement and there is a presence of fraud or manipulation in those accounts (Ittonen 2012). However, it is mentioned in the case study that Impulse was not in a good condition at that time as the company was facing massive liquidity problems. Impulse was facing massive debtors and inventory related issues at that period. After that, the company took a massive loan from Easy Finance Limited (EFL) to revive the liquidity position of the company. Later, the financial position of the company deteriorated and the company was liquidated in the month of December 2012. This liquidation resulted in the loss of the loan money that was given by EFL; and for this reason, EFL is taking legal actions against King and Queen. As per EFL, the unqualified report of the auditor did not reflect the liquidity problem of the company and this reason contributed to the loss of money to EFL. The main argument of the topic is that whether King and Queen are liable to EFL or not. In this regard, it is necessary to shed light on the responsibility of the auditors. The main responsibility of auditors is to plan and perform the whole audit operation of an organization so that it can be verified that the different financial accounts of the organization is free from material misstatement and all kinds of frauds (Asare and Wright 2012). On the other hand, it is the responsibility of the auditors to take care that the company is following the rules and regulations of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) (Schroeder 2013). These are the two major responsibilities of the auditors. It is the responsibility of the management to interpret the audit report of the organization. Releasing details about the liquidity position of the company is the responsibility of the management. The auditors have nothing to do with the liquidity position of the company. The purpose of the audi t report was unknown to King and queen. As per the rules and regulations of audit, the auditors are not liable to any third party if they do not know the purpose of their audit report. In this case, King and Queen were not informed the purpose of the audit report. Thus, King and Queen have no liability towards EFL. Some examples of popular cases are presented below to support the answer. The first case is Marcus Bros. Textile vs. Price Waterhouse (1999). There are three parties in the case. In this case, Price Warehouse was the audit partner of Piece Goods Shops Company (Piece Goods). As per the audit report of Price Warehouse, the accounts of Piece Goods were fairly presented and they were free from all kinds of material misstatement. Based on the audit report of Price Warehouse, Marcus Bro. made an extension in the credits to Piece Goods. However, in the year of 1993, Piece Goods became bankrupt and Marcus Bros. could not recover the money invested in Piece limited. Marcus Bros. files case against Price Warehouse by stating that the audit report of Price Warehouse did not reflect the financial condition of the company. However, the judgment of the court was in the favor of Price Warehouse as any auditor is not liable to any third party without knowing the purpose of the audit program (Hood 2012). Landell vs. Lybrand is the example of second case. As per this case, CPA was the auditor of Lybrand Ross Bros. Montgomery. Landell purchased eleven shares of the company Lybrand Ross Bros. after considering the report of CPA. However, the Plaintiff Landell had to face loss as the financial position of the company deteriorated and the share prices decreased massively. Plaintiff Landell filed a case against CPA; but the court made the judgment in the favor of CPA as the auditors are not liable to any third parties (Koppelman 2014). Based on the above discussion and the examples, it can be said that the King and Queen is not liable to EFL as the auditors have no responsibility to any third party. Confidentiality is one of the most important aspects of auditing. It is the responsibility of the auditors to maintain confidentiality regarding the important data and information of the audit client. The auditors do not have any right to disclose any kinds of information about the audit client to any third party. They cannot even disclose the important data to the other employees of the client firm (Mironeasa and Codin? 2013). There are two dimension of the case. At the presence of the consent of Impulse, King and Queen would have liability towards EFL. At the presence of consent from Impulse, King and Queen needed to disclose the liquidity position to any third party. At that point, King and Queen had to make further valuation of the liquidity position of the company as they were directed to disclose the liquidity position of the company. Hence, King and Queen would be liable to EFL. Another dimension of the case could be the absence of the consent of Impulse to King and Queen to d isclose any kind of financial position of the company. In this point, it is the utmost responsibility of King and Queen not to disclose any kinds of information of the financial position of the company. As per the rules and regulations auditing, King and Queen would make a serious offense if they disclose the liquidity situation of Impulse to EFL for the ease of their decision making process. In this case, King and Queen have no responsibility towards ELF as EFL is a third party to King and Queen. Thus, King and Queen would not be liable to EFL in this purpose. It is desired that the auditors do not have any kinds of financial interest in any of the properties of the audit client. This is called the independence of the auditors (Hoos, d'Arcy, and Messier 2012). As per the principles of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), there are two kinds of auditors independence. One is Actual Independence and another is Perceived Independence. Both of them are discussed below: Actual Independence: There are two other name of actual independence. They are real Independence and Independence in fact. Actual independence refers to the state of mind of the auditors. It is desired that the auditors must have special state of mind at the time of the audit process. This specific state of mind is called the Actual Independence of the auditors. The presence of actual independence helps the auditors to take critical as well as crucial decisions in the tricky situations. Often it happens that the management of that organization puts the auditors in difficult situation; actual independence assists the auditors to take perfect decisions in this type of situations (Dogui, Boiral and Heras?Saizarbitoria 2014). Perceived independence: The other name of perceived independence is the independence in appearance. Perceived independence evaluates the viewpoints of the auditors. An auditor who has perceived independence can analyze any critical situation better than any other can and they can judge the situation in different ways. Perceived independence assists the auditors in deriving different solution of a same problem so that the best one can be selected among them. It is the perception of the auditors to see different kinds of auditing problems. One of the major features of perceived independence is that it cannot be measured. Different auditor has different kinds of perceived independence. An auditor having actual and perceived independence can perform the audit operations more perfectly (Schmidt 2012). The provided situation says that Bob is continuing his higher study and the audit profession in Club Casino at the same time. It has been mentioned that Bob has copied some of the financial information of the company for his own purpose without the consent of the company. The confidentiality principles of auditors say that the auditors of an organization cannot disclose or copy the data and information of that organization to anyone. This principle indicates that the act done by Bob is a serious offence as it is against the principles of auditing. The companies should implement more effective safety measures so that the important data and information is kept in safe places. On the other hand, the passwords or ant details of important information cannot be disclosed to anyone (Shaub and Braun 2014). As per the situation provided, Wendy is performing the audit operation in Ace Limited. After the retirement of the company secretary of Ace Limited, the position was vacant for six months. Wendy was the temporary company secretary of Ace Limited at that period. As per the auditing principles, this act of Wendy is against regulations of auditing. It has been mentioned in the audit principles that an auditor cannot play any role of senior management in the same organization. This act of Wendy contributes in the breaching of auditing principles. There is a safeguard available for this act. The company secretary position needs to be replaced. On the other hand, the company can terminate Wendy as audit assistance as per the rules and regulations of audit authority (Weirich and Reinstein 2014). This case states that one of a factory supervisor of Precision Machinery Limited is the father of Leo. As per the case study, Leo was appointed as the internal audit partner of Precision machinery Limited who has the responsibility to control the cash payment system. This act of Leo is against the rules of auditing. This rule says that any relative, son, daughter, or close friends of any member of the organization cannot be the auditors of the same company. Thus, the act of Leo has breached the rules of auditing. Leo should be replaced from the internal auditor position of Precision machinery Limited as a corrective measure (Stuart 2012). The auditing rules and regulations say that the auditors cannot take any kind of gifts from the audit client as it can influence the decision of the auditors (Arruada 2013). As per the given scenario, Chan and Associates is the audit partner of Reproduction Private limited. Chan and Associates has taken furniture and shares from Reproduction Private Limited as their outstanding fees for three years. Moreover, the value of the furniture was not worth the full fees of Chan and Associates. This is a serious offence as it is against the rule of auditing. It is against the integrity of the audit process. Chan and Associates should immediate return all the furniture and shares as a corrective measure (MaAyan and Carmeli 2015). References Arruada, B., 2013.The economics of audit quality: Private incentives and the regulation of audit and non-audit services. Springer Science Business Media. Asare, S.K. and Wright, A.M., 2012. Investors', auditors', and lenders' understanding of the message conveyed by the standard audit report on the financial statements.Accounting Horizons,26(2), pp.193-217. Czerney, K., Schmidt, J.J. and Thompson, A.M., 2014. Does auditor explanatory language in unqualified audit reports indicate increased financial misstatement risk?.The Accounting Review,89(6), pp.2115-2149. Dogui, K., Boiral, O. and Heras?Saizarbitoria, I., 2014. 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